Phosphorus (P) constitutes one of five macronutrients essential for plant growth and development due to the central function of phosphate in energy metabolism, inheritance and metabolic control. In many ecosystems, plant available soil-P gets limited by soil aging. Hence, plants have developed adaptation strategies to cope with such limitation by an efficient plant and ecosystem internal P-cycling during annual growth. The natural floodplain habitat of fast-growing Populus × canescens is characterized by high soil-P availability. It was thus expected that the P-nutrition of P. × canescens had adapted to this conditions. Therefore, different P-fractions in different twig tissues were investigated during two annual growth cycles. The P-nutrition of P. × canescens markedly differs from that of European beech grown at low soil-P availability (Netzer F, Schmid C, Herschbach C, Rennenberg H (2017) Phosphorus-nutrition of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) during annual growth depends on tree age and P-availability in the soil. Environ Exp Bot 137:194-207). This was mainly due to a lack of tree internal P-cycling during annual growth indicated by the absence of P-storage and remobilization in twig bark and wood. Hence, strategies to economize P-nutrition and to prevent P-losses had not developed. This fits with the fast-growth strategy of P. × canescens at unrestricted P-availability. Hence, the P-nutrition strategy of P. × canescens can be seen as an evolutionary adaptation to its natural growth habitat.
Rationale While one of the basic axioms of pharmacology postulates that there is a relationship between the concentration and effects of a drug, the value of measuring blood levels is questioned by many clinicians. This is due to the often-missing validation of therapeutic reference ranges. Objectives Here, we present a prototypical meta-analysis of the relationships between blood levels of aripiprazole, its target engagement in the human brain, and clinical effects and side effects in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders. Methods The relevant literature was systematically searched and reviewed for aripiprazole oral and injectable formulations. Population-based concentration ranges were computed (N = 3,373) and pharmacokinetic influences investigated. Results Fifty-three study cohorts met the eligibility criteria. Twenty-nine studies report blood level after oral, 15 after injectable formulations, and nine were positron emission tomography studies. Conflicting evidence for a relationship between concentration, efficacy, and side effects exists (assigned level of evidence low, C; and absent, D). Population-based reference ranges are well in-line with findings from neuroimaging data and individual efficacy studies. We suggest a therapeutic reference range of 120–270 ng/ml and 180–380 ng/ml, respectively, for aripiprazole and its active moiety for the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders. Conclusions High interindividual variability and the influence of CYP2D6 genotypes gives a special indication for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of oral and long-acting aripiprazole. A starting dose of 10 mg will in most patients result in effective concentrations in blood and brain. 5 mg will be sufficient for known poor metabolizers.
International audienceKey messageBeech is subjected to devaluating bark damage by logging operations. It is shown experimentally that damage in the upper part of the trunk entails much higher risk of wood discoloration and decay by fungi than damage in the lower part. Cellular defense mechanisms in xylem are elucidated.ContextDuring harvesting operations and more specifically processes of both felling and extraction, remaining trees suffer specific bark damages, leaving the exposed xylem vulnerable to subsequent discoloration and fungal decay. As a consequence, the future value of the produced timber is reduced.AimsThe objective of this study is to test for the consequences of artificial bark damage to the base vs. the upper parts of the trunk in terms of discoloration, fungal infection, wood decay, and wound closure.MethodsAn artificial basal “extraction wound” was inflicted along with an elongated “felling wound” at 5-m stem height in 40 beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) during either June or October. The trees were felled 3 years later and the impact of the wounds was evaluated with microscopic imaging and microbiological methods.ResultsThe compartmentalization observed in the basal extraction wounds was highly efficient, and rate and intensity of discoloration and susceptibility to decay were significantly lower than in wounds inflicted to the upper segments of the trunk. The latter displayed deeply penetrating discoloration and decay.ConclusionBark damage in the higher portions of the stem inflicted by felling is followed by much higher risk of wood discoloration and decay than damage at the base of the stem (extraction damage). Harvesting management has to be optimized in order to avoid felling damage in remaining neighboring trees particularly
European ash dieback caused by the alien, invasive ascomycete species Hymenoscyphus fraxineus currently represents, along with its side effects, the greatest threat to common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees in Europe. The disease is widely distributed in Germany and present in all regions where common ash is growing. In order to study European ash dieback in Germany and to develop management strategies to conserve common ash as a forest tree species, the concerted, interdisciplinary research project FraxForFuture was initiated. FraxForFuture consist of an association of five sub-networks: FraxConnect, FraxMon, FraxGen, FraxPath, and FraxSilva. In total, 27 individual projects conduct research on the epidemiology of the disease, the pathogen and the preservation of ash, including various control, breeding, and silvicultural strategies. The main goals of the FraxForFuture network and the sub-networks as well as essential information about the network of common research plots are provided.
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