Scapulohumeral rhythm significantly decreased as the plane of arm elevation moved in an anterior arc from abduction to forward flexion. The amount of physiologic glenohumeral excursion varied significantly with the plane of elevation, was smallest for scaption, and showed inconsistent patterns across subjects with the exception of consistent inferior translation during abduction.
Background:Reduced coracohumeral distances have been reported to be associated with anterior shoulder disorders such as subscapularis tears, biceps tendon injuries, and leading edge supraspinatus tears.Purpose:To determine the variability in coracohumeral distance as a function of arm rotation in healthy male subjects. The null hypothesis was that no differences in coracohumeral distance would exist with respect to arm rotation.Study Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Methods:A total of 9 male participants who had full range of motion, strength, and no prior surgery or symptoms in their tested shoulders were enrolled in this institutional review board–approved study. Computed tomography scans of the shoulder were obtained for each subject. A dynamic biplane fluoroscopy system recorded internal and external shoulder rotation with the arm held in the neutral position. Three-dimensional reconstructions of each motion were generated, and the coracohumeral distance and coracoid index (lateral extension of the coracoid) were measured.Results:The mean coracohumeral distance in neutral rotation was 12.7 ± 2.1 mm. A significantly shorter minimum coracohumeral distance of 10.6 ± 1.8 mm was achieved (P = .001) at a mean glenohumeral joint internal rotation angle of 36.6° ± 19.2°. This corresponded to a reduction in coracohumeral distance of 16.4% (range, 6.6%-29.8%). The mean coracoid index was 14.2 ± 6.8 mm. A moderate correlation (R = −0.75) existed between the coracohumeral distance and coracoid index.Conclusion:Coracohumeral distance was reduced during internal rotation. Decreased coracohumeral distance was correlated with larger coracoid indices.Clinical Relevance:This study provides a reference value for coracohumeral distance in the healthy male population. Knowledge of how coracohumeral distance varies over the range of arm internal-external rotation may improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment plan for patients with anterior shoulder pathology, specifically subcoracoid impingement. Imaging of the coracohumeral distance during internal rotation with the hand at approximately midline should be considered to assess patients with anterior shoulder pain.
This paper investigates if NFL teams maximize profits with respect to ticket price. We modify Ferguson et al's (1991) INTRODUCTIONhe theory of profit maximization has been a key economic concept for almost a century, Knight (1921). Profit maximization occurs when firms adjust either the quantity or price of the goods they produce in order to maximize the gap between revenues and costs. Professional sporting contests have been one of the most significant branches of the entertainment industry. Szymanski (2003) reports that in 1997 the U.S. Census Bureau found 41% of the population, roughly 110 million people, attended a spectator sporting event each year. He also states that Kagan Media estimated the annual household television viewing of sports events to be 77 billion hours per year.According to Scully (1995) the National Football League (NFL) is an economic enterprise where every single team in the league is consistently profitable. Zimbalist (2003) states that individual owner's economic objectives differ due to the unique way each owner defines profit maximization. Some owners focus simply on money, while others believe the best way to maximize profits is to maximize the number of wins. Even though research conducted by Forbes shows that each team in the NFL makes a significant profit, it does not mean that each team maximizes potential profits.i Constant sellouts and scalpers selling tickets above face value point to the fact that NFL franchises could raise ticket prices in order to increase profits. Perhaps some owners are more interested in winning championships than making the most money. As long as franchises are not losing money, their ultimate goal could be the glory and prestige accompanying a Super Bowl victory. On the other hand, constantly increasing ticket prices and television blackouts in local areas during non-sellout games all point to profit maximization as the main objective. These conflicting empirical findings and stylized facts prompt the question: Do NFL franchises conform to the practices of profit maximization? This paper will strive to answer that question.The purpose of this study is to determine whether NFL franchises set ticket prices in a manner consistent with the first order necessary profit maximizing conditions. The first section will provide a review of the pertinent empirical literature on profit maximization. The second section will outline the modifications to the methodology employed by Ferguson et al. (1991) and will develop empirical models for the maximization of gate receipts with respect to ticket prices. Section three addresses the profit maximizing necessary conditions and presents the numerical equations used to test whether these conditions hold. The fourth section will present the data and regression model. The fifth section discusses the results for both the empirical model and the numerical testing of CURRENT RESEARCH ON PROFIT MAXIMIZATION
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