No abstract
Research indicates an increased use of hand sanitizers globally, and in particular developing countries where bacterial epidemics such as cholera are common. While there is evidence of availability, high demand and use of hand sanitizers, the incidence of cholera in developing countries remains unabated. Several reasons have been put forward, and cost of hand sanitizers remains dominant. It is in response to this contradictory situation of availability but limited access, that this study was conducted to present an alternative option of formulating a high quality and cost effective ethanol-based sanitizer from a Ghanaian local beverage (akpeteshie). The concentration of ethanol in akpeteshie was determined using gas chromatography. An Ethanol based hand sanitizer (Sample C) was formulated with akpeteshie and tested against Vibrio cholerae using the microbial time-kill kinetics assay. Commercially available ethanol based Equi-Clean hand sanitizer (62%) (Sample D) was used as the standard. Results show that the akpeteshie contained 73.08% ethanol and formulated product (Sample C) contained 63.70% ethanol. Viscosity and pH of Sample C were; 89 rpm (1.48 cps) and 7.30 respectively whiles that of Sample D were; 80 rpm (1.33 cps) and 7.50 respectively. The formulated product (Sample C) was effective against Vibrio cholerae with a gradual reduction in microbial count upon exposure to the organisms at time intervals of 0, 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min.
Garcinia cola also known as "bitter cola" (Guttiferae) is a plant with a wide usage of its parts for various medicinal purposes. The seeds are chewed as aphrodisiac and for the treatment of coughs, dysentery and liver inflammation. Morinda lucida (Rubiaceae) commonly called "great morinda" has been shown to have antimalarial and anti-pyretic activities. This study aimed at evaluating the anti-infective and antioxidant properties of G. cola and M. lucida and to justify their folkloric uses. Ethanol extracts of the stem barks of G. cola (GCB) and M. lucida (MLB) were evaluated for their antimicrobial, anthelmintic and antioxidant activities. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) using the micro broth dilution method against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans. Anthelmintic activity was evaluated by determining the effects of the extracts on the paralytic and death times of Pheretima posthuma at concentrations of 50, 20 and 10 mg/mL using piperazine citrate (PZN) (15 mg/mL) and albendazole (ABZ) (20 mg/mL) as references. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity using ascorbic acid (ASA) as reference standard. The results reveal that the extracts from both plants demonstrated antimicrobial activity with MIC values ranging from 50 to 80 mg/mL and 10 to 30 mg/mL for GCB and MLB, respectively. Both extracts also demonstrated a concentration dependent anthelmintic activity with decrease in paralytic and death times upon an increase in extract concentrations. GCB and MLB extract showed antioxidant activities with IC 50 values, 6.830 and 342.1 µg/mL, respectively. Phytochemical screening of both extracts revealed the presence of tannins, glycosides, alkaloids and flavonoids. These findings may justify the folkloric uses of these plants.
Fruit juice extracts of Citrus sinensis var. late Valencia at different stages of development (3, 6, 10 and 12 months and fallen senescent fruits) were investigated for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Antimicrobial activity was determined using a modified Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by the micro broth dilution method against strains of Bacillus subtilis NCTC 10073, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus vulgaris NCTC 4175, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method using N-propyl gallate as standard antioxidant. IC 50 values were then determined. Results revealed that the fruit juice extracts demonstrated broad spectrum antibacterial as well as antifungal activity with MIC values ranging from 8.00 to 20.00%, 16.00 to 28.00% , 24.00 to 32.00%, 28.00 to 40.00% and 32.00 to 44.00% v/v for 3, 6, 10, 12 months fruits as well as fallen fruits senescence, respectively. The antimicrobial activity was observed to decrease with increasing age of the fruits. The fruit juice extracts also demonstrated antioxidant activity with IC 50 values of 0.4424, 0.6841, 7.357, 12.65 and 41.65% v/v for 3, 6, 10, 12 months and fallen fruits senescence, respectively. The antioxidant activity was also observed to decrease with increasing fruit age.
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