This study provides an updated list of parasite species and their respective hosts in the upper Paraná River floodplain. The list of parasites is structured by phylum, class, order and family, followed by a record of each host species. A total of 315 taxa of parasites were reported, of which 201 were identified at the species level. These 201 species comprise 3 Flagellata, 3 Myxozoa, 50 Monogenea, 43 Digenea, 40 Cestoda, 41 Nematoda, 8 Acanthocephala, 6 Copepoda, 5 Branchiura and 2 Pentastomida, arranged in 84 host fish species. This work carried out in the floodplain of the upper Paraná River contributes to the listing of parasite species and host interactions of the local ichthyofauna. Little is known about these communities and its riches are underestimated due to the high density of fish found in this region, highlighting the importance of conducting studies on the local fauna.
RESUMO: A Botânica é o ramo da Biologia que se dedica ao estudo das plantas. O Ensino da Botânica no Colégio Agrícola Vidal de Negreiros (CAVN) da Universidade Federal da Paraíba -Campus III consistiu de aulas que tem como finalidade desperta a curiosidades dos alunos do ensino médio, estimulando a curiosidade sobre conteúdo do componente curricular, induzindo aos mesmos a busca pelo conhecimento dos Biomas das suas Regiões. Os alunos tiveram a primeira aula de Botânica, utilizando o herbário Reflora. O herbário Padrões Ambientais Emergentes e Sustentabilidade dos Sistemas Capítulo 12 foi utilizado como ferramenta de mediação e familiarização para aprendizagem do conteúdo que seria realizado nas aulas seguintes. A aula prática em campo, em que foram coletadas as plantas para trabalhar em sala, teve uma boa interação dos alunos.As plantas que foram coletadas de interesse dos alunos foram colocadas para secar em prensa para a elaboração de um pequeno herbário das turmas do segundo ano, que foi exposto no estande do "MEIO AMBIENTE, NA EXPOTEC 2018 CAVN" onde os próprios alunos apresentaram as suas plantas. Com o decorrer do trabalho foi possível observar que os alunos demostraram mais interesse nas aulas práticas e foram mais participativos. Com isso, podemos afirmar que o emprego de metodologias em que empregam a inclusão de aulas práticas além da teoria, é de fundamental importância para a aprendizagem dos alunos.
Endoparasites that are trophically transmitted are closely intertwined and constrained by the structure of the food chain. Each fish species can be used as an intermediate or definitive host; thus, the position it occupies in the food web and the body size can be determining factors for the presence of parasites and their transmission. Considering that fish can be parasitized by larval and adult stage endoparasites and that they are exposed to a wide variety of parasite species, we used a helminth dataset from 70 fish species and tested whether the total parasite richness, larval and adult, of fish from the upper Paraná River floodplain can be explained by body size and trophic level. For the trophic level, we observed an increasing trend in the richness of larval parasites. Regarding the richness of adult parasites and the total richness, we observed an increase as a function of the body size of the host. The tropic position and body size of the fish were good predictors, indicating that the position of the host in the trophic chain can influence and determine its life cycle.
The construction of dams causes several impacts on aquatic environments, altering the flow of rivers, environmental variables, and all biota present, including parasites. Little is known about how the parasitic community can be influenced in the long term by environmental changes. In this study, it was expected that the impacts caused by environmental disturbances will be directly reflected by the composition of the parasite populations. We evaluated the change in the structure of the Prochilodus lineatus endoparasite community between two periods sampled 15 years apart in the upper Paraná River floodplain. There was a significant difference in the weight–length relationship of P. lineatus between these periods and a total of 15 species of parasites were found: 11 species in Period 1 and nine species in Period 2 and five species occurred in both periods. The species richness and diversity were higher in Period 1, and we observed that the correlation of descriptors (richness, diversity and evenness) increased with fish length in this period. In both periods, digeneans numerically dominated the parasitic community, and we verified changes in the composition of parasites between periods. Both the host and the parasites were possibly affected by the environmental impacts resulting from the construction of dams over time, and it is noteworthy that complex life cycle parasites such as Digenea and Acanthocephala require intermediate hosts to complete their life cycle, and the population responds to fluctuations in the face of modified environments.
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