Brazil emerges as the world's second-largest producer of broiler chicken. In production, there is the formation of the poultry litter, usually consisting of sawdust, water, feed, droppings and feather of the chickens. After the chicken lots are created, the material is discarded. The aim of this study was to characterize the biomass from poultry litter to analyze its potential as a raw material for biochar. The samples were collected in three different times: Pinus spp. sawdust, poultry litter with creation of one chicken lot and with creation of two chicken lots. Moisture tests and proximate analyzes were performed for the three materials and chemical analyzes for the two poultry litter samples. The chemical analyzes did not present significant differences among the samples. The tests showed an increase in moisture content as the chicken lots were create in the litter, reaching 22.11 % after the creation of two lots. The results indicated that from two lots of chickens it is not appropriate to create more lots with the same litter. This material is generally discarded. However, the poultry litter with creation of two lots showed potential to be harnessed as raw material in the manufacture of biochar.
This study aimed to determine the wood density using destructive and non-destructive sampling methods in a eucalypt hybrid clonal and determine the best point for the non-destructive sampling of the tree. A 5,6-year-old Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis hybrid clone, from an energetic forest, was used, planted in the municipal district of Martinho Campos, MG, Brazil. The trees were sampled by three methods of destructive sampling. The traditional method (0%, 25%, 50%,75% and 100% of the commercial height Hc); alternative method (2%, 10%, 30% and 70% Hc) and via a meter by meter method starting from a height of 1,30 m from the soil (DBH). Three non-destructive sampling methods were also appraised: Resistograph®, Pi-lodyn® and 22 mm diameter cores at a DBH. The use of the Resistograph® at the 1,10 m or 1,50 m points and the Pilodyn® at 1,50m of height from the soil results the best correlations with the basic density determined by the three destructive sampling methods considered.
The aim of this study was to apply geostatistics to predict the spatial pattern of variations in moisture content of eucalyptus wood chip piles to generate subsidies for adequate sampling and material handling. Wood chip piles were installed in three different storage cycles using newly cut material for 7, 30, and 60 days. Sampling was performed in axial (top, middle, and base) and lateral positions, so that all samples were georeferenced in relation to the distance from the ground and the center of the pile. Moisture values were submitted to geostatistical analysis and kriging. The results confirmed the spatial dependence of moisture content over the piles stored at 7 and 30 days; however, the effect of rainfall was crucial to reduce the spatial dependence of moisture content. The results showed that geostatistics is a useful tool for the creation of reliable sampling protocols.
Among the oleaginous plants, Jatropha curcas is a species with considerable potential energy for use as biodiesel. The waste disposal parts of the fruit, after the oil extraction, as well as its epicarp are considered energy loss. Under the conditions presented, this study was aimed to accomplish the energy characterization of the remaining epicarp achieved by the processing of the Jatropha fruit, along with briquetes. It was attested through the proximate analysis of materials and particle size distribution, heating value determination, briquettes production and mechanical testing. The treatments consisted of briquettes with different amounts of particle materials of Jatropha and Pine Wood. The resulting values of chemical analysis, as well as ash content (7.71%), fixed carbon content (26.73%), volatile matter (65.56%) and high heating value (HHV) (4079,24 kcal.kg -1), indicate the quality of the epicarp for energy use. The ash content values were relatively low when compared to other residual materials. The addition of pine wood to Jatropha briquette represented an improvement of the mechanical characteristics in all of the tested proportions. However, all the treatments results in low values of resistance.
Brazil stands out internationally in the production and commercialization of wood products. Although the external and internal demand for these products is met by the Brazilian forestry sector, challenges related to the internal management of lignocellulosic waste are evident, as the country has structural difficulties in the sector of solid waste management. Therefore, the objective was to comparatively analyze the performance of the most abundant lignocellulosic materials in the Brazilian market, regarding energy recovery at the end of their life cycles. Pine wood treated with chromed copper arsenate (CCA), untreated pine wood, eucalypt wood treated with CCA, untreated eucalypt wood, uncoated medium density fiberboard panel (MDF), and MDF panel with melamine coating were sampled. The characterization included thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXA), and elementary analysis (EA). The presence of the CCA salts and the melamine coating reduced the energy potential of the biomass, altering the burning behavior and significantly increasing the amount of generated ashes. They also caused an increase in the concentrations of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in the wood ashes as well as lead (Pb) and chromium in the panel ashes.
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