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There has been a considerable suggestion in the literature that syntactic adaptation of a text would simplify it. This empirical study determined that the complexity of the syntax does not significantly affect the level of reading comprehension. While a complete conceptual and lexical analysis may be necessary for reading comprehension, a thorough syntactic analysis is not. This should be true for both expert and novice readers in a particular professional field, herein computer science.Using American (L1 or E l , English as a native language) and Dutch (L2 or E2, English as a second, nonnative language) computer science and humanities majors reading in EST (English for Science and Technology), it was found that there were no significant differences between subgroups reading an authentic (in original, unadapted form) computer science text and those reading a syntactically adapted text either in comprehension or in time across the four groups of subjects. These results indicate that syntactic simplification of an EST text is not a real simplification. Hence, technical writers and EST teachers might give priority to other more conceptual ways of rewriting texts. RESUMELes effets de simplification syntaxique sur la lecture de texte EST ( I ) en langue maternelle et en langue secondeQuoique la litttrature sugghe fortement que l'adaptation syntaxique d'un texte le simplifierait, l'ttude empirique prtsentte ici indique que la complexitt de la syntaxe n'affecte pas de manibe significative le niveau de comprehension de lecture d'un texte scientifique. On a analyst l'effet sur la comprthension de la lecture de 1) la On a pris soin de ne pas changer le sens des phrases. Aucun item lexical ou autre item des phrases d'origine n'a Ctk changk; par consequent on a maintenu la mCme charge de contenu. Les rksultats de la recherche ont montrt que le registre de langue du texte n'a eu aucun effet significatif sur les scores de comprkhension de lecture, mais que la connaissance du contexte et la connaissance du langage ont eu un effect (p <0.01; p <0.005). Partant de 18, on peut conclure qu'il n'y a pas de difftrence significative dans la comprkhension d'un texte authentique par rapport 8 celle d'un texte rtkrit (simplifit), mais que la connaissance de l'informatique aide les sujets A comprendre significativement mieux.Dans cette recherche, les sujets ont enregistrt eux-mCmes leurs temps de lecture et quoique ces temps ne soient peut-Ctre pas statistiquement fiables, ils apportent toutefois une information superficielle. I1 y a un effet tres important de la connaissance de la langue sur les temps de lecture (p<0.005). Ce facteur intervient dans trois interactions hautement significatives: 1) avec la connaissance du contexte (p

A global economy requires business organizations to cultivate their international holdings by respecting the national differences of their host countries and coordinating efforts for rapid innovation. In this essay we first review relevant literature in the areas of communication and innovation and explore how efforts toward innovative practices are directly related to globalism and business strategy. We then focus on issues associated with national culture, corporate culture, and professional culture that are relevant to strategies for researching business communication in global contexts. Finally, we suggest directions for future work.Prior to the dawning of the new millennium, much was written about innovation, culture, globalism, and strategy. Commentaries on organizational vision, effectiveness, direction, and mission usually noted the necessity to innovate and expand beyond normal limits and borders. Inherent within discussions of innovation and globalism are issues relating to national and organizational culture, and to a lesser extent the professional cultures of members of innovative, globalized business firms. What are the

If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comEmerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. in In no va tion, En tre pre neur ship and Cul ture, Eindhoven Uni ver sity of Tech nol ogy, Or gani sa tion Sci ence and Mar ket ing, Eindhoven Uni ver sity of Tech nol ogy, The Neth er lands. Anne-Françoise Rutkowski, Ph.D Cog ni tive and So cial Sci ences, De part ment of Infor ma tion Man age ment, Tilburg Uni ver sity, The Neth er lands. Rajesh Kumar, As so ci ate Pro fes sor of In ter na tional Busi ness at the Aarhus School of Busi ness in Den mark. Yunxia Zhu, As so ci ate Pro fes sor and Re search Leader in the School of Com mu nica tion, Unitec New Zea land. In tro duc tionPlay has been re cog nised as an im por tant ac tiv ity in de vel op ing cog ni tive abil i ties. Play amongst chil dren is most fre quently ob served dur ing pe ri ods of ex pand ing knowl edge of the self, the phys i cal and so cial world, and sys tems of com mu ni cation. It helps in the for ma tion of value judg ment, serves as an il lus tra tion of role mod els, and helps to en hance so cial aware ness (Garvey, 1990). Grad u ate school and uni ver sity pro grams are com monly us ing role play ing to teach multi-cul tural ne go ti a tion, mar ket ing or gam ing the ory. The ad vanced Stan ford grad u ate school of busi ness Ad vanced Ne go ti a tion Pro gram (ANP) is a good ex am ple of such curric u lum that al lows stu dents to de velop ne go ti a tion skills in a face-to-face con text. Ulijn & St. Amant, (2000) ar gue that if ne go ti a tion skills are im por tant to ac quire and put into prac tice, it is es sen tial for the skilled ne go ti a tor to ad dress pos si ble emo tional mo tives that op er ate on a sub con scious or even un con scious level in the part ner's be hav iour while ne go ti at ing. In other words, those au thors con sider that in vis i ble facts, tech nol ogy, writ ten pro ce dures not with stand ing, there is an in vis ible layer of emo tions, feel ings, hu man re la tions, un con scious and un spo ken rules of be hav iour which might af fect the ne go ti a tion pro cesses and out comes ei ther explic itly or im plic itly as shown in Fig ure 1.We asked the par tic i pants about dif fer ent types of emo tions they may have ex pe ri enced fol low ing the face-to-face ne go ti a t...

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