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Background: The prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs), in blood transfusion services are a major problem across blood banks and hospitals in the world. In, India, the effort to provide safe transfusion to patients is a heightened problem for various reasons. In this study, seroprevalence of Transfusion transmitted infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) was investigated in a pool of blood donors.Methods: The data collection was carried out for a period of two years from, January 2017 to December 2018, and total sample size of donors was 38,142. We studied the frequency, gender wise distribution, donor (first time vs repeat) wise distribution and yearly trend of seroprevalence of TTIs in blood units donated at our hospital.Results: A total of 37,457 (98.2%) males and 685 (1.79%) females donated blood during the study period. The results suggest that among the blood donors, the prevalence of HCV was highest (0.77%) followed by HBV (0.46%) and HIV (0.13%). Seropositivity was found to be more in first-time donors (0.83%) as compared to repeat-donors (0.52%). Seropositivity was found to be more among males (1.35%) than females (0.01%). The discussion suggests underlying reasons for the results along-with future direction of research.Conclusions: The need of the hour is to encourage repeat voluntary blood donors in order to maintain safe supply of blood and its components to donors. Efforts should be made to include females in the blood donor pool by increasing awareness and through dedicated efforts to improve female health and nutrition.

Background: There has been an increase in rate of caesarean section over last five decades. This is a matter of international public health concern as it increases the caesarean section related maternal morbidity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate that in a new medical college which clinical situation contributed and led to caesarean deliveries as per Robson’s classification system and to audit the increasing rate of caesarean section.Methods: This study was performed in Government Medical College Kathua in the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir from November 2020 to April 2021. In the present study, all cases delivered by caesarean section during the period of six months were recorded and classified according to Robson's 10 group classification system.Results: Out of total 1366 women delivered, 630 underwent CS (46.12%). It was observed that majority of caesarean sections belonged to group 2 and group 5 of Robson criteria. Group 5 comprised of patients with one or more previous caesarean section with cephalic presentation according to Robson criteria and maximum number of caesarean sections done in the present study belonged to this group that is 40.3%. Group 2 that is nulliparous singleton cephalic >37 week induced labour or caesarean section before labour comprised 29.2%. Breech pregnancies (groups 6 and 7) had >90% caesarean rates.Conclusions: Women with a previous caesarean delivery represent an increasing proportion of caesarean deliveries. Use of the Robson criteria allows standardized comparisons of data and identifies clinical scenarios driving changes in caesarean rates. Hospitals and health organizations can use the Robson 10-Group Classification System to evaluate quality and processes associated with caesarean delivery.

Introduction: Thyroid neoplasms constitute the most common of all endocrine neoplasms occurring worldwide and more than 95% arise from follicular epithelial cells. Thyroid tumors are more common in developed countries. The incidence of thyroid tumors has increased in past two decades. Aim: to assess the role of Galectin-3 in differentiating benign and malignant thyroid lesions along and combined use of CK-19 and HMW-CK in the differential diagnosis between papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma. Material and methods: The present study was conducted in 50 specimens of thyroid tissue received in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Amritsar, after approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. IHC staining was done using Galectin-3, CK-19 and HMW-CK immuno Histochemical markers. The IHC score was calculated by combining an estimate of the percentage of immunoreactive cells (quantity score) with an estimate of the staining intensity (staining intensity score). Results: Incidence of thyroid nodules most common in the age group between 20-40 years comprising about 66% of the total cases followed by 41-60 years. Females constituted about 74% (37 cases) in contrast to males with 13 cases comprising 26%. Prevalence of benign Lesions of thyroid was slightly higher 29 (58%) in comparison to malignant lesions which comprised of 21 (42%) of the study sample. Galactein 3 is found to be the most sensitive marker while HMWCK is found to be the most specific marker in distinguishing malignant thyroid lesions from benign thyroid lesions in present study. CK-19 and HMW CK when combined together in absence of Galactein 3 shows 100% sensitivity and high specificity in diagnosing malignant thyroid lesions. These combinations show increased specificity and positive predictive value compared to Galactein 3 when used alone. Conclusion: Therefore we can say that these immuno histochemical panels can be a useful means to increases the likelihood of detecting malignant tumors. These markers along with histopathological diagnosis can aid us in correct diagnosis and thus further help to optimize the management of patients with thyroid nodules and reduce unnecessary surgical resection of benign nodules.

A 20-year-old woman with a reported history of liver torsion and prior cholecystectomy was admitted with complaints of decreased appetite and jaundice. Laboratory workup revealed total bilirubin 7.8 mg/dL (ref: 0.1-0.2 mg/dL) with direct bilirubin 6.4 mg/dL (ref: ,0.3 mg/dL), aspartate aminotransferase 42 U/L (ref: 8-33 U/L), alanine aminotransferase 95 U/L (ref: 4-36 U/L), and alkaline phosphatase 495 IU/L (ref: 44-147 IU/L). An abdominal MRI revealed an extrinsic, waist-like compression on the right hepatic lobe, biliary tree, and intrahepatic portal vasculature, from the ascending colon and adjacent mesentery with upstream biliary dilatation and hepatic vascular congestion (Figure 1). Consequently, the cause of biliary obstruction was attributed to Chilaiditi syndrome (CS).