This study analyzed recent cases of ship fires · explosions and investigated their problems and coping plans. Through analysis on the statistical figures, it was found that our nation's situations of maritime accidents by kind during the period of 2009~2013 showed the ratios of ship accidents caused by fires · explosions was the highest in 2012 with 7.58% (55 cases) followed by year 2009 with 3.39% (34 cases), year 2010 with 3.39% (25 cases), year 2011 with 6.03% (57 cases) and year 2013 with 6.74% (43 cases), which indicates a steady increase in the number of ship accidents. Majority of reasons for ship fires · explosions were lack of safety awareness. Since those accidents happen on the sea, fires, once they happen, tend to get serious due to absence of on board & nearby fire extinguishing facilities, public fire service's uneasy access to them and great influences of natural factors such as wind and etc. Ship fires · explosions are special cases unlike what happens to general edifices. So, their coping plans should focus on preventive measures since the damages those cases bring about can be detrimental. For this reason, it's necessary to research precise evacuation plans, develop ship structure & materials reinforcing fire resistance to secure more time for evacuation and enhance people's safety awareness by implementing thorough safety training.
Lately accidents of harmful chemical substance in korea were repeatedly replaying. We studied problems and preparation plan in 2008 years~2014 years through analysis cases of harmful chemical substance. Leakage of chemical substance's accident situation shows that leakage in the workplace is the most 10 cases, accounting for 58.6% is the largest proportion in 2009. Leakage according to explosion accounting for 50% (5 cases) in 2004, 25% (4 cases) in 2007 and 33.3% (4 cases) in 2011 has very irregular change. Therefore, A major cause of accidents is lack of safety management. Harmful chemical substance showed various aspects, high residual substance and non-visible characteristic so response and recovery was easy. And the second damage to move a distance causes environment pollution. So a mutual-assistance system and integrated system of related organization have to build and expert of chemical incident response and therapist of chemical substance response have to establish to do efficient and rapid response.
Compared with traditional infrastructure, where public-private partnerships (PPPs) have been widely used, smart city is a new field for PPP model application. Currently, the PPP model of smart city projects (SCPs) is faced with a tremendous number of problems. In view of this, according to the hierarchy and synergy characteristics of smart city construction, SCPs can be divided into three categories: the single structure, the cross structure, and the overall structure. This paper matches specific PPP operation models for different types of SCPs. Furthermore, the problem tree and target tree analysis methods are adopted to address the problem encountered in the profit-making model, and ultimately the “E-PPP” model is established as an effective solution. In addition, the proposed model can be used as an innovative one to release the constraints of infrastructure and public service supply in smart cities.
The combustion characteristics of four kinds of wood specimens, such as Japan cedar, spruce, lauan, and red pine, were tested using the standards of Cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1, 2) and smoke density tester (ASTM E 662). Japan cedar caught fire the quickest but the mean heat release rate was the lowest, 58.52 kW/m 2. The mean heat release rate of red pine appeared to be the highest, 71.75 kW/m 2. The lauan and Japan cedar generated relatively large amounts of carbon monoxide while the red pine and the spruce generated relatively large amounts of carbon dioxide. The red pine generated large amounts of smoke and the spruce generated the least amounts of smoke than the other samples. The total smoke release rate in the dynamic method was the highest in red pine and the lowest in spruce. The smoke density of red pine in the static method was highest in the non-flaming and flaming methods. In the non-flaming method, the smoke density of lauan was the second highest, whereas the flaming method was the least. In terms of the heat release rate, the fire risk from red pine was highest among the four test specimens. From the viewpoint of smoke generation, red pine was the most dangerous material in both dynamic and static methods.
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