Cancer-derived exosomes are considered a major driver of cancer-induced pre-metastatic niche formation at foreign sites, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that miR-25-3p, a metastasis-promoting miRNA of colorectal cancer (CRC), can be transferred from CRC cells to endothelial cells via exosomes. Exosomal miR-25-3p regulates the expression of VEGFR2, ZO-1, occludin and Claudin5 in endothelial cells by targeting KLF2 and KLF4, consequently promotes vascular permeability and angiogenesis. In addition, exosomal miR-25-3p from CRC cells dramatically induces vascular leakiness and enhances CRC metastasis in liver and lung of mice. Moreover, the expression level of miR-25-3p from circulating exosomes is significantly higher in CRC patients with metastasis than those without metastasis. Our work suggests that exosomal miR-25-3p is involved in pre-metastatic niche formation and may be used as a blood-based biomarker for CRC metastasis.
As perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are highly efficient, demonstration of high‐performance printed devices becomes important. 2D/3D heterostructures have recently emerged as an attractive way to relieving the film inhomogeneity and instability in perovskite devices. In this work, a 2D/3D ensemble with 2D perovskites self‐assembled atop 3D methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) via a one‐step printing process is shown. A clean and flat interface is observed in the 2D/3D bilayer heterostructure for the first time. The 2D perovskite capping layer significantly suppresses nonradiative charge recombination, resulting in a marked increase in open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of the devices by up to 100 mV. An ultrahigh VOC of 1.20 V is achieved for MAPbI3 PSCs, corresponding to 91% of the Shockley–Queisser limit. Moreover, notable enhancement in light, thermal, and moisture stability is obtained as a result of the protective barrier of the 2D perovskites. These results suggest a viable approach for scalable fabrication of highly efficient perovskite solar cells with enhanced environmental stability.
The
concept of mixed 2D/3D heterostructures has emerged as an effective
method for improving the stability of lead halide perovskite solar
cells, which has been, however, rarely reported in lead–tin
(Pb–Sn) mixed perovskite devices. Here, we report a scalable
process for depositing mixed 2D/3D Pb–Sn perovskite solar cells
that deliver remarkably enhanced efficiency and stability compared
to their 3D counterparts. The incorporation of a small amount (3.75%)
of an organic cation 2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethylammonium iodide induces
the growth of highly oriented Pb–Sn perovskite crystals perpendicularly
aligned with the substrate. Moreover, for the first time, phase segregation
is observed in pristine 3D Pb–Sn perovskites, which is suppressed
due to the presence of the 2D perovskites. Accordingly, a high current
density of 28.42 mA cm–2 is obtained due to the
markedly enhanced spectral response and charge extraction. Eventually,
mixed 2D/3D Pb–Sn perovskite devices with a band gap of 1.33
eV yield efficiencies as high as 17.51% and in parallel exhibit good
stability.
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