Low-carbon travel has emerged as a topic of interest in tourism and academia. Studies have offered reasons tourists may engage in low-carbon travel; however, these explanations are scattered throughout the literature and have yet to be integrated into low-carbon travel motivation and constraint constructs. This study develops a low-carbon travel motivation scale (LCTMS) and a low-carbon travel constraint scale (LCTCS). It performs reliability and validity testing to measure the low-carbon travel motives and obstacles. Items were collected primarily by literature review, and, then, by surveys of 382 tourists from low-carbon travel destinations and 390 from non-low-carbon travel destinations. Through a rigorous scale development process, this study identifies six dimensions of the LCTMS (environmental protection, experience-seeking, escape or social connection, industry pleas and measures for environmental protection, low-carbon products, and green transportation) and four dimensions of the LCTCS (intrapersonal constraints, interpersonal constraints, structural constraints, and the not a travel option).
Much research has focused on massive open online courses (MOOCs) but little of it has focused on university students in China who can only participate in MOOCs in their free time. To address this gap, this research adopted unified theories of acceptance and a usage of technology model, and added three new moderating variables, which are the network learning channel of MOOC, free time management, and leisure-study conflict. Seven hundred seventy-one valid questionnaires were collected from 11 universities in China. LISREL and AMOS were used to conduct confirmatory factor analysis, model fit analysis, and path coefficients analysis and to analyze the moderating roles of the three moderating factors. Most hypotheses concerning the three moderating variables were valid, indicating that the three moderating variables did exhibit some moderating effects. Some suggestions are put forward for regulating and promoting the development of MOOCs from the perspectives of government, universities, and developers of network learning platforms.
This study expects to provide a reference for the catering industry. The travel industry expands sales channels and turnover tends to choose a strategic alliance with the alliance objects mutually beneficial cooperation to improve their competitiveness. This study examines the effects of alliance conditions and person-organization fit (P-O-fit) on the performance of strategic alliances between travel industries. Furthermore, this study contained the intermediary performance as a moderator to examine the influences of alliance conditions and P-O-fit on the performance of strategic alliances. There were 406 usable questionnaires collected. We verified the hypotheses by the structural equation modeling method. The results suggest that the alliance conditions have positive and significant direct effects on the performance of strategic alliances. Moreover, the P-O-fit also has positive and significant effects on the performance of strategic alliances. Furthermore, the intermediary performance has substantial moderating effects on the influences of P-O-fit on the performance of strategic alliances. The conclusion provides a theoretical and practical basis between performance and the travel industry.
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