ZHANG J. and WU F. (2006) China's changing economic governance: administrative annexation and the reorganization of local governments in the Yangtze River Delta, Regional Studies 40, 3-21. In the course of Chinese economic and social transition, urban and regional development is faced with more competition. Against this backdrop, regional governance is undergoing challenge and change. Whilst change in the relationship between central and local governments has been the subject of study, one major change that has been neglected, despite its great importance, occurs among the different levels of local government within the same region. This paper studies the relationships among different local governments from the perspective of administrative annexation. It describes the conflict that has occurred in the Yangtze River Delta because of the problem of administrative division as well as the large-scale annexations since 2000. Through analysis of the source of conflict between administrative divisions and the effects of administrative annexation, the paper aims to reveal the role of local governments in the economic transition, as well as changes in regional governance, which indicate that the intervention of local governments in the economy is being strengthened in new ways. It is believed that China's political and economic reform is taking a prudent path, and that the conflict between administrative divisions is in fact a reflection of the way the administrative system is incompatible with economic reform. However, administrative annexation has an impact on the traditional relationship between local governments, and thus further promotes the reform of regional governance. Regional governance, Administrative changes, Regional economies, Local government, China, Yangtze River Delta ZHANG J. and WU F. (2006) La gouvernance regionale changeante en Chine: l'annexion administrative et la reorganisation de l'administration locale dans le delta du Yangtze, Regional Studies 40, 3-21. Au cours de la phase transitoire economique et sociale en Chine, l'amenagement du territoire affronte une concurrence plus acharnee. Sur ce fond, la gouvernance regionale subit des epreuves. Alors que la recherche a porte sur le changement du rapport entre les administrations centrale et locale, un changement majeur auquel on n'a fait aucune attention, en depit de son importance incontestable, se produit aux niveaux differents de l'administration locale au sein d'une meme region. Cet article cherche a etudier les rapports entre les administrations locales differentes du point de vue de l'annexion administrative. L'article presente le conflit qui s'est produit dans le delta du Yangtze a cause du probleme de la separation administrative aussi bien que les annexions a grande echelle qui se sont produites depuis l'an 2000. A partir d'une analayse de la source du conflit entre les services administratifs et les effets de l'annexion administrative, l'article cherche a mettre en lumiere le role des administrations locales dans la phase transitoire econ...

CYP51 (Erg11) belongs to the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) superfamily and mediates a crucial step of the synthesis of ergosterol, which is a fungal-specific sterol. It is also the target of azole drugs in clinical practice. In recent years, researches on fungal CYP51 have stepped into a new stage attributing to the discovery of crystal structures of the homologs in Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus . This review summarizes the functions, structures of fungal CYP51 proteins, and the inhibitors targeting these homologs. In particular, several drug-resistant mechanisms associated with the fungal CYP51s are introduced. The sequences and crystal structures of CYP51 proteins in different fungal species are also compared. These will provide new insights for the advancement of research on antifungal agents.

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Six water-soluble free-base porphyrin-Ru(II) conjugates, 1-3, and Zn(II) porphyrin-Ru(II) conjugates, 4-6, with different linkers between the hydrophobic porphyrin moiety and the hydrophilic Ru(II)-polypyridyl complex, have been synthesized. The linear and two-photon-induced photophysical properties of these conjugates were measured and evaluated for their potential application as dual in vitro imaging and photodynamic therapeutic (PDT) agents. Conjugates 1-3, with their high luminescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields, were selected for further study of their cellular uptake, subcellular localization, and cytotoxic and photocytotoxic (under linear and two-photon excitation) properties using HeLa cells. Conjugate 2, with its hydrophobic phenylethynyl linker, was shown to be highly promising for further development as a bifunctional probe for two-photon (NIR) induced PDT and in vitro imaging. Cellular uptake and subcellular localization properties were shown to be crucial to its PDT efficacy.

Solvothermal reactions of 4-(pyrid-4'-yl)-3,5-dimethylpyrazole (HPpz) with CuBr in two mixed solvents, NH3.H2O/EtOH and NH3.H2O/MeCN, afforded respectively a copper(I) trimer, [Cu(Ppz)]3(1), and a polymer, {[Cu(Ppz)]3[CuCN] 3} (2), both containing the [Cu(Ppz)]3 entity as a building block. The products were found to be photoluminescent and, more interestingly, when cooled from room temperature to 10 K, they showed a blue shift followed by a red shift (hereafter shortened to a red-after-blue shift) of emission.

Metal ions play critical roles in RNA structure and function. However, web servers and software packages for predicting ion effects in RNA structures are notably scarce. Furthermore, the existing web servers and software packages mainly neglect ion correlation and fluctuation effects, which are potentially important for RNAs. We here report a new web server, the MCTBI server (http://rna. physics.missouri.edu/MCTBI), for the prediction of ion effects for RNA structures. This server is based on the recently developed MCTBI, a model that can account for ion correlation and fluctuation effects for nucleic acid structures and can provide improved predictions for the effects of metal ions, especially for multivalent ions such as Mg 2+ effects, as shown by extensive theoryexperiment test results. The MCTBI web server predicts metal ion binding fractions, the most probable bound ion distribution, the electrostatic free energy of the system, and the free energy components. The results provide mechanistic insights into the role of metal ions in RNA structure formation and folding stability, which is important for understanding RNA functions and the rational design of RNA structures.

Two Ru(II) polypyridyl-porphyrin and Zn(II) porphyrin conjugates (Ru-L and Ru-Zn-L) have been synthesized and their photophysical properties studied. The two conjugates, which contained a hydrophobic tetraphenylporphyrin L conjugated via an acetylide linker at its β-position with a hydrophilic Ru(II) polypyridyl complex, showed high singlet oxygen quantum yields (>70%) and substantial two-photon absorption cross-sections (~500 GM). Ru-L gave strong emissions at ~660 and ~733 nm through linear or two-photon excitation. Solvatochromism was observed in the fluorescence spectra of Ru-L and Ru-Zn-L, where in less polar solvents (i.e., toluene and dichloromethane) their fluorescence emissions became slightly blue-shifted with a 3-fold reduction in intensity relative to those observed in polar solvents (i.e., acetonitrile and methanol). Cell-based studies of these complex conjugates were conducted using human nasopharyngeal carcinoma HK-1 and cervical carcinoma HeLa cells on which Ru-L showed rapid cellular uptake, low dark-cytotoxicity, and high photo-cytotoxicity. Furthermore, Ru-L can be excited and emits in the "biological window"in vitro, making it a potential potent new generation photodynamic therapeutic agent capable of singlet oxygen generation and in vitro near-infrared emission.