This article provides an integrated critical review of the literature on internalized heterosexism/internalized homophobia (IH), its measurement, and its psychosocial correlates. It describes the psychometric properties of six published measures used to operationalize the construct of IH. It also critically reviews empirical studies on correlates of IH in the areas of sexual identity formation and the coming-out process; mental, psychosocial, and physical health; substance use; sexual risk-taking behavior; intimate relationships; parenting and family issues; gender roles and feminism; race and ethnicity; religion; career issues; and counselor—client interactions and treatment interventions. Last, it discusses limitations of the body of research and provides suggestions for future research throughout the review.

Counseling psychologists can expect to encounter lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals in their lives, as students, colleagues, friends, clients, and/or family members. Most of the LGB individuals encountered by counseling psychologists have experienced the negative consequences of internalized heterosexism/internalized homophobia (IH). Yet many counseling psychologists are not adequately prepared to deal with the negative effects of IH on LGB persons' lives. This Major Contribution provides readers with a critical base of information about the construct of IH, including the historical context from which it emerged; controversies related to IH; theoretical approaches used to conceptualize IH; unique issues for women, men, and bisexuals; and the empirical research on measurement and psychosocial correlates of IH. In addition, it provides suggestions for future research and implications for counseling LGB individuals and for the training of counseling psychologists.T his Major Contribution focuses on internalized heterosexism (IH), defined as the internalization by lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals of negative attitudes and assumptions about homosexuality that are prevalent in society (Sophie, 1987). Huebner, Davis, Nemeroff, and Aiken (2002) noted that most theories of LGB identity development hold that these identities are formed in a cultural context of extreme stigma toward same-sex romantic, emotional, and sexual behavior. Thus, inevitably, LGB people are likely to have some level of internalized oppression related to their status as members of a stigmatized group. As Gonsiorek and Rudolph (1991) noted, the toll that IH can take on LGB individuals ranges from mild (a tendency toward self-doubt) to severe (overt self-hatred and self-destructive

Understanding related to fraction concepts is a critical prerequisite for advanced study in mathematics such as algebra. Therefore, it is important that elementary students form conceptual and procedural understanding of fractional numbers, allowing for advancement in mathematics. The concrete-representational-abstract (CRA) instructional sequence of instruction has been shown to be an effective means of teaching conceptual understanding of fractional numbers. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of CRA with remedial multitiered systems of support (MTSS) Tier 2 instruction for teaching fraction concepts. Thirty-one fifth-grade students participated in two different Tier 2 interventions; one group received typical Tier 2 instruction with their general education teachers and the other received CRA instruction with the researchers. The researchers measured student performance using a pretest and posttest and found significant differences in progress favoring the CRA group. Results and implications are discussed.

The main purpose of this study was to examine potential within-group differences in well-being in individuals who experienced postlingual, late deafness between the ages of 13 and 65 years old. Two related issues were also examined: (a) the psychometric qualities of 2 popular measures of well-being when used with this sample and (b) the well-being of individuals who are late deafened compared to normative data on well-being. A sample of 138 women who were late deafened completed an online survey. The results indicated internal consistency and validity (convergent and partial discriminant) of the 2 well-being measures with this sample. Well-being in this sample was significantly lower than that in samples from the general population. Investigation of within-group differences indicated that individuals from lower socioeconomic groups reported lower levels of well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).

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