No abstract

The concept of J wave syndromes was first proposed in 2004 by Yan et al for a spectrum of electrocardiographic (ECG) manifestations of prominent J waves that are associated with a potential to predispose affected individuals to ventricular fibrillation (VF). Although the concept of J wave syndromes is widely used and accepted, there has been tremendous debate over the definition of J wave, its ionic and cellular basis and arrhythmogenic mechanism. In this review article, we attempted to discuss the history from which the concept of J wave syndromes (JWS) is evolved and current controversies in JWS.

A novel liquefaction method was developed for transforming different types of biomass, such as fir, bamboo, pine, and corncob, into bio-oil efficiently with Raney nickel (R-Ni) and NaOH as combined catalysts in a 2-propanol/H2O system, which was carried out in a 50 mL stainless-steel autoclave at 245 °C, corresponding to the working pressure maintained at 8 MPa. The conversion of biomass could reach 97–99%. Besides, a high bio-oil yield of 63.98% and higher heating value of 30.09 MJ/kg were achieved when fir was used as the feedstock. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses indicated that the major compounds in bio-oils were phenols, followed by acids, alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons, which were mainly light-weighted molecules with low boiling points measured by thermogravimetric analysis. Additionally, the R-Ni catalyst could be repeatedly used at least 5 times without the loss of activity.

Mid-myocardial pacing can significantly decrease the TDR and prevent the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias as compared with Epi pacing.