In recent decades, the use of Kehr's tube, more commonly known as the T-tube, has decreased significantly due to advances in biliary surgery (Padmore et al., 2021). It has been suggested that routine placement of a T-tube is unnecessary in common bile duct explorations for simple bile duct stones (Zhu et al., 2021) or in liver transplantation (Zhao et al., 2021). However, for select complex hepatobiliary stones, biliary tumours and biliary tract repair surgeries, intraoperative placement of a T-tube remains a common procedure (Jabłonska, 2014;Padmore et al., 2021). In such cases, T-tube placement can reduce the incidence of bile leakage due to high bile duct pressures (Strücker et al., 2013), provide structural support to the bile duct thereby preventing biliary stenosis (Nagino et al., 2007) and facilitate post-operative retrieval of residual stones through the sinus of the drainage tube (Mori et al., 2006;Wen et al., 2018).T-tubes are typically left in place for 4-8 weeks. In some patients with residual stones or biliary pathological abnormalities, the removal of the T-tube must be deferred for up to 3 months or more (Zhang et al., 2015). According to reports, the average length of stay (LOS) for biliary surgery is approximately 6-11 days (Noba
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