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Iron is one of the trace elements required by human body, and its deficiency can lead to abnormal bone metabolism. In this study, the effect of iron ions on the properties of tricalcium silicate bone cement (Fe/C3Ss) was investigated. It effectively solved the problems of high pH value and low biological activity of calcium silicate bone cement. The mechanical properties, in vitro mineralization ability and biocompatibility of the materials were systematically characterized. The results indicate that tricalcium silicate bone cement containing 5 mol% iron displayed good self-setting ability, mechanical properties and biodegradation performance in vitro. Compared with pure calcium silicate bone cement (C3Ss), Fe/C3Ss showed lower pH value (8.80) and higher porosity (45%), which was suitable for subsequent cell growth. Immersion test in vitro also confirmed its good ability to induce hydroxyapatite formation. Furthermore, cell culture experiments performed with Fe/C3Ss ion extracts clearly stated that the material had excellent cell proliferation abilities compared to C3Ss and low toxicity. The findings reveal that iron-doped tricalcium silicate bone cement is a promising bioactive material in bone repair applications.

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The properties of vaterite-containing tricalcium silicate (referred as V-C3S) bone cement can be significantly affected by the addition of graphene oxide (GO). The composited bone cement can overcome the problems of calcium silicate-based bone cement, such as poor mechanical properties and low cellular activity. The material properties, mineralization and cell compatibility were characterized. The results demonstrated that GO/V-C3S had good curing ability, mechanical properties and high injectability. In general, V-C3S adding with 0.04 wt% GO is better due to its advanced compressive strength (17.14% higher than pure V-C3S) and lower pH value. In vitro immersion experiments could show its admirable mineralization ability. Cell experiments confirmed its low cytotoxicity and favorable ability of cell proliferation. In addition, enhanced antibacterial property (2–3 times higher compared with pure V-C3S) was also verified by antibacterial experiments. These results suggest that GO/V-C3S bone cement is a promising material for biomedical applications.