Key Points Question Are maternal prepregnancy weight and gestational weight gain associated with childhood allergies? Findings In this cross-sectional study evaluating 8877 children, excessive gestational weight gain was associated with a risk of asthma and/or wheezing, allergic rhinitis, eczema, and food and/or drug allergy, and this risk appeared to be higher when coexisting with maternal prepregnancy overweight or obesity. Low gestational weight gain was associated with a reduced risk of allergies in children of women with low or normal prepregnancy weight, while there was no association in women who were overweight or obese. Meaning The findings of this study suggest that, to meet the challenge of increasing childhood allergies, the management of prepregnancy weight and gestational weight gain must be considered.
Background: In general, the existing evidence points to a role for maternal sleep in pregnancy complications and fetal growth, however, little has been focused on birth defects. We aimed to explore the association between periconceptional poor sleep and the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD), and to examine if daytime napping could to some extent change the association. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Shanghai Children's Medical Center, in which, a total of 524 cases (262 simple CHD vs. 262 severe CHD), along with 262 controls. Results: In the multivariable logistic analysis, poor sleep could increase the risk of both simple CHD (OR = 2.486, 95% CI = 1.619-3.818) and severe CHD (OR = 1.950, 95% CI = 1.269-2.997), while routine daytime nap could decrease risk of simple CHD (OR = 0.634, 95% CI = 0.435-0.923). In the stratified analysis, the concurrence with routine daytime nap could weaken the risk of simple CHD caused by poor sleep (OR = 3.183, 95% CI: 1.830-5.537 decreased to OR = 2.236, 95% CI: 1.200-4.165). The examinations were repeated in ventricular septal defect and tetralogy of Fallot, and the established associations can be verified. Moreover, all these findings were also similarly observed in both propensityscore-adjusted and propensity-score-matched analyses. Conclusions: Poor maternal sleep around periconceptional period seems to be an independent risk factor for CHD. The concurrence with daytime nap could to some extent reduce the risk in simple CHD. The results individually and collectively put forward the importance of maternal sleep in embryonic heart development. K E Y W O R D S case-control study, congenital heart disease, daytime nap, maternal sleep, pregnancy Anda Zhao and Kena Zhao contributed equally to this work.
Background: Animal studies suggested that maternal sleep during pregnancy was associated with sleep pattern in offspring; however, it has not been clear in human populations. Aim: Our study discusses the relationships of maternal sleep duration with sleep characteristics in their offspring through an epidemiological study. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study including 6236 mother-child dyads was conducted in 31 preschools in May 2019, in Shanghai, China. Information regarding maternal sleep duration in three trimesters of pregnancy was collected retrospectively. Children's current sleep characteristics were evaluated through the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Linear regressions and logistic regression models were applied to estimate β and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Maternal sleep duration was positively associated with childhood sleep duration, which was shown in the first (β=0.113), second (β=0.131), and third trimesters (β=0.088). Meanwhile, insufficient maternal sleep duration could increase the risk of children's short sleep duration (first trimester: AOR=1.25; second trimester: AOR=1.33; third trimester: AOR=1.33). Maternal sleep duration was also associated with childhood CSHQ score: β= −0.308, −0.392, and −0.300 for the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. Similarly, insufficient maternal sleep duration could predict childhood sleep disturbance as AOR=1.28 in the second trimester and AOR=1.26 in the third trimester. Conclusion: Our findings established a relationship between maternal sleep during pregnancy and their children's sleep pattern through a population-based epidemiology study. Poor childhood sleep was found when their mother experienced less sleep duration during pregnancy, especially in the second and third trimesters.
ObjectivesTo compare growth profiles of children born small for gestational age (SGA) with those born the appropriate size for gestational age (AGA), and examine expected growth patterns for SGA in early childhood.MethodsA survey on 23,871 SGA children was conducted in Shanghai. Data were collected at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months of age (+30 days). A check-up included assessments of weight, height, and head circumference.ResultsAt 5 years old, weight, height, and head circumference were lower in SGA children compared with AGA children. The proportions of overweight and obesity of SGA children at 4 to 18 months after birth were significantly higher than those in AGA children, with higher proportions in boys than in girls. There was no correlation between overweight at 5 years old and overweight before 2 years old in SGA children.ConclusionsChildren born SGA remain shorter and lighter, with a smaller head circumference at 5 years old compared with AGA children. At 4 to 18 months after birth, there is a high incidence of overweight and obesity in SGA children. Overweight and obesity in SGA boys are more serious than those in SGA girls.
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