ObjectiveTo document the findings of a newborn eye examination programme for detecting ocular pathology in the healthy full-term newborn.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study of the majority of newborns born in the Kunming Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, China, between May 2010 and June 2011. Infants underwent ocular examination within 42 days after birth using a flashlight, retinoscope, hand-held slit lamp microscope and wide-angle digital retinal image acquisition system. The retinal fundus examination utilised the RetCam wide-field digital imaging system (Clarity Medical Systems, Pleasanton, California, USA). The external eye, pupillary light reflex, red reflex, opacity of refractive media, anterior chamber and posterior segments were also examined.ResultsA total of 3573 healthy full-term newborns were enrolled and examined in the programme. There was detection of 871 abnormal cases (24.4%). The majority of abnormal exams were 769 (21.52%) retinal haemorrhages. Of these, there were 215 cases of significant retinal haemorrhage, possible sight threatening or amblyogenic, representing 6.02% of the total. In addition, 67 cases (1.88%) involved macular haemorrhage. The other 107 cases (2.99%) with abnormal ocular findings included subconjunctival haemorrhage, congenital microphthalmos, congenital corneal leukoma, posterior synechia, persistent pupillary membrane, congenital cataract, enlarged C/D ratio, retinal hamartoma versus retinoblastoma, optic nerve defects, macular pigment disorder and non-specific peripheral retinopathy.ConclusionOcular examination of healthy newborns leads to the detection of a significant number of ocular pathologies. The most commonly discovered ocular abnormality during examination of the newborns in this study is retinal haemorrhage. The long-term impact of these findings is unknown. Although presumed by some to benign, neonatal retinal haemorrhages due to birth trauma could be involved in altering visual development. Further work, including prospective examination of newborns with long-term follow-up, is needed and supported by our findings.

Background: The purpose of this study was to develop an automated diagnosis and quantitative analysis system for plus disease. The system provides a diagnostic decision but also performs quantitative analysis of the typical pathological features of the disease, which helps the physicians to make the best judgement and communicate the decisions. Methods: The deep learning network provided segmentation of the retinal vessels and the optic disc (OD). Based on the vessel segmentation, plus disease was classified and tortuosity, width, fractal dimension and vessel density were evaluated automatically. Results: Thetrainednetworkachievedasensitivityof95.1%with97.8%specificityfor the diagnosis of plus disease. For detection of preplus or worse, the sensitivity and specificity were 92.4% and 97.4%. The quadratic weighted k was 0.9244. The tortuosities for the normal, preplus and plus groups were 3.61 AE 0.08, 5.95 AE 1.57 and 10.67 AE 0.50 (10 4 cm À3 ). The widths of the blood vessels were 63.46 AE 0.39, 67.21 AE 0.70 and 68.89 AE 0.75 lm. The fractal dimensions were 1.18 AE 0.01, 1.22 AE 0.01 and 1.26 AE 0.02. The vessel densities were 1.39 AE 0.03, 1.60 AE 0.01 and 1.64 AE 0.09 (%). All values were statistically different among the groups. After treatment for plus disease with ranibizumab injection, quantitative analysis showed significant changes in the pathological features. Conclusions: Our system achieved high accuracy of diagnosis of plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity. It provided a quantitative analysis of the dynamic features of the disease progression. This automated system can assist physicians by providing a classification decision with auxiliary quantitative evaluation of the typical pathological features of the disease.

The peak concentration of bevacizumab in various ocular tissues and plasma was delayed and lower than that found in normal rabbit eyes; however, the terminal half-lives were similar to those found in the eyes with native vitreous following an intravitreal injection. Oil may have impacted the distribution of bevacizumab and led to an altered profile of drug level in the ocular tissues.

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