were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectra, meanwhile their catalysis in an extractive catalytic oxidative desulfurization process was studied with ionic liquid (IL) as extractant and H 2 O 2 as oxidant. The main factors affecting the desulfurization process were investigated, including temperature, hydrophobicity of IL, and variety of S-compounds, as well as the amount of catalyst, IL, and H 2 O 2 . Under the optimal conditions, the S-content of DBT oil can be decreased from 1000 to 2 ppm. A new interpretation is proposed for the current process, in which IL is assumed as a reaction phase, and the amount of the extracted S-compound and the peroxidized catalyst wherein greatly affect the desulfurization rate. Besides, the IL with the dissolved catalyst can be reused many times and regenerated easily.

The adsorptive desulfurization ability of four inorganic Lewis acids (AlCl 3 , FeCl 3 , ZnCl 2 , and CuCl) for three thiophenic S-compounds, viz., 3-methylthiophene (3-MT), benzothiophene (BT), and dibenzothiophene (DBT), from their model oils were studied here experimentally at 290 K. The results were explained in terms of the theory of hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) reasonably. The results show that AlCl 3 has excellent removal ability for 3-MT with its adsorbance being 141.4 without toluene and 123.0 mgS/g with 25 wt % toluene. It is noteworthy that 3-MT is removed solely through complexing adsorption; in contrast, BT is adsorbed, accompanied with the formation of oil soluble BT oligomers under catalysis of AlCl 3 which can promote the complexation greatly. Further, the addition of benzene and toluene can accelerate the desulfurization rate of 3-MT and BT due to the concentration of aromatics on the adsorbent and the oligomerization between BT and the aromatics.

in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).Lewis hard acid AlCl 3 was softened by some butyl halides forming highly polarized liquids. These liquids are similar to the ionic liquids (ILs) with metallic complex anion and varying composition, and thus termed here as carbonium pseudo ILs (CPILs). The CPILs, that is, t-C 4 H 9 Cl-AlCl 3 , n-C 4 H 9 Cl-AlCl 3 , and t-C 4 H 9 Br-AlCl 3 , show very strong desulfurization activity for various thiophenic compounds like 3-methylthiophene, benzothiophene, and dibenzothiophene. The above thiophenic compounds can be removed completely from model oils within 20 min by a very small amount of CPILs reactive extractant. The extractive mechanism is deemed as an acid-base complexation along with alkylation of the thiophenic compounds, and the Lewis acidity comes from both carbonium ion (borderline acid) and the dissolved AlCl 3 (hard acid). The t-C 4 H 9 Cl-AlCl 3 shows good selectivity for three thiophenic compounds even in toluene-containing system. Further, some CPILs show satisfactory desulfurization performance for the model gasoline that mimics the composition of real one.Two alkyl halides, namely t-butyl chloride and n-butyl chloride, were used to soften hard acid AlCl 3 to explore their Figure 1. The three S-compounds in model oil.

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The existing evaluation methods and indexes of noise of electric motors can not comprehensively reflect all the physical characteristics of noise of hub permanent magnet synchronous motors (HPMSM) and human subjective sensations. In this paper, a method of the sound quality (SQ) evaluation of HPMSM for electric vehicles is proposed. The method is divided into three steps. In the first step, a noise objective evaluation of HPMSM with seven acoustical objective indexes, including loudness, roughness, A-weighted sound pressure level (A-W SPL), tonality, sharpness, articulation index (AI) and fluctuation strength, is made. In the second step, a noise subjective evaluation of HPMSM by using the grade evaluation method is made. The subjective annoyances (SA) of noise samples of HPMSM are obtained. In the last step, the SQ evaluation model of HPMSM by using the BP neural network theory is established. The average error rate of the proposed model is only 3.97%. By means of weight analysis, a comparison between the relative importance of acoustical objective parameters is found out. The main original contribution of this paper is that the proposed method can comprehensively reflect all the physical sound characteristics of HPMSM as well as their influence on human subjective sensations.

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Poly­(ethylene glycol) diacid [dcPEG, HOOCCH2(OCH2CH2) n OCH2COOH] can form a deep eutectic solvent (DES) with tetraethylammonium chloride (TEACl). The dcPEG-based DES (dcPEG-250/TEACl) as extractant (Ex) showed high performance for both basic and nonbasic N-species. In n-octane model oil, N-distribution coefficient [D N, (μgN·gEx –1)/(μgN·goil –1)] can be more than 100 for both indole and pyridine. In real oils, the DES was still effective (D N > 2.0; oil yield > 96.0%). The excellent performance was due to contributions of TEACl: (1) weakening the intermolecular interaction of dcPEG; (2) releasing Lewis basic −(OCH2CH2) n –; (3) intensifying polarity of the extractant. Extractive behaviors for the both N-species can be reflected by Freundlich- or Langmuir-like relationships between equilibrium N-contents in the extractant and the oil phases, respectively. It was interesting that, from dcPEG-250 to dcPEG-250/TEACl, the behaviors significantly changed. For the nonbasic, the extraction changed from chemical behavior with H-bonding to pseudo-physical one caused by solvent polarization. For the basic, it moved away from reactive behavior and changed to the chemical one involving acid–base interaction.