To develop a new high-protein woody forage resource for livestock, we applied PacBio single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology to explore the community structure, species diversity, and metabolic gene clusters of nature microbes associated with paper mulberry (PM) silage fermentation. The microbial diversity and abundance were rich in PM raw material and decreases with the progress of silage fermentation. Woody ensiling is process that the dominant bacteria shifted from Gram-negative pathogenic Proteobacteria to Gram-positive beneficial Firmicutes.Lactic acid bacteria became the most dominant bacteria that affected fermentation quality in the terminal silages. Global and overview maps, carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism were the important microbial metabolic pathways that impact final fermentation product of silage. PM is rich in nutrients and preserved well during ensiling, indicating PM can develop as new woody resources suitable for ruminants.PacBio SMRT sequencing revealed specific microbial-related information about silage. IMPORTANCE In the tropics, there is often a shortage of forage during the dry season.Failure to obtain high-quality feed will reduce the milk and meat production of ruminants. Therefore, it is essential to maximize the use of land and biomass resources through strategic development of alternative feed. Paper mulberry (PM) is a perennial deciduous tree in tropics, with a variety of nutrients and biologically active ingredients, and it adapts to various soils and climates, with high production capacity, and low cultivation costs. In order to develop new potential woody forage, we firstly used PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology to explore the community structure, species diversity and metabolic gene clusters of natural microorganisms related to the fermentation of silage. PacBio SMRT revealed information about specific microorganisms related to silage, indicating PM can prepare as good-quality silage, and will become a new potential woody feed resources for

Background Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is thought to be a potential intervention in the treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Purpose This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of CHM or CHM combination therapy for COVID-19. Study design Systematic review and meta-analysis Methods We searched for relevant studies in the CNKI, CBM, Wanfang Data, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and other resources from their inception to April 15, 2020. Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies on CHM or CHM combination therapy for COVID-19 were included. Meta-analysis was performed according to the Cochrane Handbook. Results Overall, 19 studies with 1474 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that the overall clinical effectiveness (OR = 2.67, 95% CI 1.83-3.89, I 2 = 0%), improvement in the CT scan (OR = 2.43, 95% CI 1.80-3.29, I 2 = 0%), percentage of cases turning to severe/critical (OR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.24-0.67, I 2 = 17.1%), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) negativity rate (OR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.06-6.17, I 2 = 56.4%) and disappearance rate of symptoms (fever, cough, and fatigue) were superior by combined CHM treatment of COVID-19. However, there was no statistical difference between the two groups in terms of length of hospital stay (WMD = -0.46, 95% CI -3.87 - 2.95, I 2 = 99.5%), and rate of adverse effects (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 0.48-3.07, I 2 = 43.5%). The quality of evidence was very low to low. Conclusion The combined treatment of COVID-19 with Chinese and Western medicine may be effective in controlling symptoms and reducing the rate of disease progression due to low quality evidence.

No abstract

Public health is a significant concern in China, and the foodborne pathogen Salmonella , which is spread via the animal-borne food chain, plays an important role in the overall disease burden in China annually. The development of advanced sequencing technologies has introduced a new way of understanding emerging pathogens.

Summary1. Tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are significant drivers of plant growth and chemical composition. We hypothesized that exposure to elevated concentrations of O 3 and CO 2 , singly and in combination, would modify the chemical composition of Trifolium and thus alter its digestibility and nutritive quality for ruminant herbivores. 2. We tested our hypothesis by collecting samples of Red Clover ( Trifolium pratense ) and White Clover ( Trifolium repens ) from the understoreys of Trembling Aspen ( Populus tremuloides )-Sugar Maple ( Acer saccharum ) communities that had been exposed since 1998 to ambient air, elevated CO 2 , elevated O 3 or elevated CO 2 + O 3 at the Aspen FreeAir CO 2 and O 3 Enrichment (FACE) site located near Rhinelander, WI, USA. Foliage samples were analysed for (1) concentrations of N, total cell wall constituents, lignin and soluble phenolics; and (2) in vitro dry-matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro cell-wall digestibility (IVCWD) using batch cultures of ruminal micro-organisms. 3. Significant air-treatment effects were observed for lignin concentration, IVDMD and IVCWD, and between Red and White Clover for all dependent variables. No air treatment × clover species interactions were detected. 4. Exposure to elevated O 3 resulted in increased concentration of lignin and decreased IVDMD and IVCWD compared with exposure to ambient air, and the response was similar regardless of whether plants had been coexposed to elevated CO 2 . Exposure to elevated CO 2 alone did not affect chemical composition or in vitro digestibility, nor did it ameliorate the negative effect of elevated O 3 on these determinants of nutritive quality for ruminant herbivores. 5. In contrast to recent reports of a protective effect of elevated CO 2 against growth reduction in plants under O 3 stress, our results indicate that elevated CO 2 would not be expected to ameliorate the negative impact of elevated O 3 on nutritive quality of Trifolium under projected future global climate scenarios.