Background: Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a promising technology for plant vegetative propagation, which has an important role in tree breeding. Though rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) SE has been founded, few late SE-related genes have been identified and the molecular regulation mechanisms of late SE were still not well understood. Results: In this study, the transcriptomes of embryogenic callus (EC), primary embryo (PE), cotyledonary embryo (CE), abnormal embryo (AE), mature cotyledonary embryo (MCE) and withered abnormal embryo (WAE) were analyzed. A total of 887,852,416 clean reads were generated, 85.92% of them were mapped to the rubber tree genome. The de novo assembly generated 36937 unigenes. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the pairwise comparisons of CE vs. AE and MCE vs. WAE, respectively. The specific common DEGs were mainly involved in the phytohormones signaling pathway, biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid and starch and sucrose metabolism. Among them, hormone signal transduction related genes were significantly enriched, especially the auxin signaling factors (AUX-like1, GH3.1, SAUR32-like, IAA9-like, IAA14-like, IAA27-like, IAA28-like and ARF5-like). The transcription factors including WRKY40, WRKY70, MYBS3-like, MYB1R1-like, AIL6 and bHLH93-like were characterized as molecular markers for rubber tree late SE. CML13, CML36, CAM-7, SERK1 and LEAD-29-like were also related to rubber tree late SE. In addition, histone modification had crucial roles during rubber tree late SE. Conclusions: This study provides important information to elucidate the molecular regulation during rubber tree late SE.
BackgroundSince it is very difficult to obtain gene knockouts in rubber tree (Hevea Brasiliensis) due to low genetic transformation efficiency. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful gene silencing tool that has been intensively applied in plant. Up to now, the application of VIGS in rubber tree has not yet been reported.ResultsHevea brasiliensis phytoene desaturase (HbPDS) was identified in H. brasiliensis genome. The prediction of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) from HbPDS and the silencing gene fragment (SGF) were predicted and a length of 409 bp SGF was chosen to be tested. We show that the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) -VIGS is able to induce effective HbPDS silencing in rubber tree. The TRV-VIGS system has the potential for functional gene studies in rubber tree.ConclusionsThis is the first time to report VIGS in rubber tree. The present TRV-VIGS method could be further applied to produce gene silenced rubber tree plants, to advance functional gene of rubber tree. The applied TRV-VIGS method will achieve deeper underground into the natural rubber biosynthesis and regulation in this important rubber-producing plant.
Background Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a promising technology for plant vegetative propagation, which has an important role in tree breeding. Though rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) SE has been founded, few late SE-related genes had been identified and the molecular regulation mechanisms of late SE still not well understood. Results In this study, the transcriptomes of embryogenic calluses (EC), primary embryo (PE), cotyledonary embryo (CE), abnormal embryo (AE), mature cotyledonary embryo (MCE) and withered abnormal embryo (WAE) were analyzed. A total of 887,852,416 clean reads were generated, more than 85.92% of the clean reads were mapped to the rubber tree genome. The de novo assembly generated 36937 unigenes. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the pairwise comparisons of CE vs. AE and MCE vs. WAE, respectively. The specific common DEGs mainly involved in phytohormones signaling pathway, biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid and starch and sucrose metabolism. Among them, hormone signal transduction related genes were significantly enriched, especially the auxin signaling factors (AUX-like1, GH3.1, SAUR32-like, IAA9-like, IAA14-like, IAA27-like, IAA28-like and ARF5-like). The transcript factors including WRKY40, WRKY70, MYBS3-like, MYB1R1-like, AIL6 and bHLH93-like were characterized as molecular markers for rubber tree late SE. CML13, CML36, CAM-7, SERK1 and LEAD-29-like were related to rubber tree late SE. In addition, histone modification had crucial roles during rubber tree late SE. Conclusions This study provides important information to elucidate the molecular regulation during rubber tree late SE.
Background: Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a promising technology for plant vegetative propagation, which has an important role in tree breeding. Though rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) SE has been founded, few late SE-related genes have been identified and the molecular regulation mechanisms of late SE are still not well understood. Results: In this study, the transcriptomes of embryogenic callus (EC), primary embryo (PE), cotyledonary embryo (CE), abnormal embryo (AE), mature cotyledonary embryo (MCE) and withered abnormal embryo (WAE) were analyzed. A total of 887,852,416 clean reads were generated, 85.92% of them were mapped to the rubber tree genome. The de novo assembly generated 36937 unigenes. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the pairwise comparisons of CE vs. AE and MCE vs. WAE, respectively. The specific common DEGs were mainly involved in the phytohormones signaling pathway, biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid and starch and sucrose metabolism. Among them, hormone signal transduction related genes were significantly enriched, especially the auxin signaling factors (AUX-like1, GH3.1, SAUR32-like, IAA9-like, IAA14-like, IAA27-like, IAA28-like and ARF5-like). The transcription factors including WRKY40, WRKY70, MYBS3-like, MYB1R1-like, AIL6 and bHLH93-like were characterized as molecular markers for rubber tree late SE. CML13, CML36, CAM-7, SERK1 and LEAD-29-like were also related to rubber tree late SE. In addition, histone modification had crucial roles during rubber tree late SE. Conclusions: This study provides important information to elucidate the molecular regulation during rubber tree late SE.
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