High-resolution patterning of quantum
dot (QD) films is one of
the preconditions for the practical use of QD-based emissive display
platforms. Recently, inkjet printing and transfer printing have been
actively developed; however, high-resolution patterning is still limited
owing to nozzle-clogging issues and coffee ring effects during the
inkjet printing and kinetic parameters such as pickup and peeling
speed during the transfer process. Consequently, employing direct
optical lithography would be highly beneficial owing to its well-established
process in the semiconductor industry; however, exposing the photoresist
(PR) on top of the QD film deteriorates the QD film underneath. This
is because a majority of the solvents for PR easily dissolve the pre-existing
QD films. In this study, we present a conventional optical lithography
process to obtain solvent resistance by reacting the QD film surface
with diethylzinc (DEZ) precursors using atomic layer deposition. It
was confirmed that, by reacting the QD surface with DEZ and coating
PR directly on top of the QD film, a typical photolithography process
can be performed to generate a red/green/blue pixel of 3000 ppi or
more. QD electroluminescence devices were fabricated with all primary
colors of QDs; moreover, compared to reference QD-LED devices, the
patterned QD-LED devices exhibited enhanced brightness and efficiency.
A prospective study was undertaken to compare the accuracy of surface coil magnetic resonance (SCMR) imaging, metrizamide myelography (MM), and computed tomography with metrizamide (CTM) in the determination of cervical radiculopathy. Surgical findings were the objective measure of accuracy. Fifty-two patients underwent all imaging studies. Studies were evaluated for disease location and type (bone vs. soft tissue). Twenty-eight patients underwent subsequent cervical surgery at 39 levels form an anterior interbody approach. Predictions made with SCMR imaging were surgically confirmed in 74% of patients, with CTM in 85%, and with MM in 67%. There was 90% agreement with surgical findings when SCMR imaging and CTM were used jointly, and 92% agreement when CTM and MM were used jointly, In general, SCMR imaging was as sensitive as CTM for identification of disease level, but not as specific for type of disease. MM was the modality least specific for disease type. The major advantage of CTM was its ability to distinguish bone from soft tissue, for which contrast material is unnecessary. SCMR imaging is a viable alternative to MM and, together with computed tomography, if needed, provides a thorough examination of the cervical region.
A total of 305 magnetic resonance (MR) examinations were performed in 236 patients with metallic implants. Most examinations were performed at 0.3 T. The metallic implants included central nervous system shunting devices, tantalum mesh, surgical wire, skin staples, surgical clips, metallic orthopedic devices, and a few miscellaneous metallic objects. Patients with cardiac pacemakers, electrical implants, prosthetic cardiac valves, and aneurysm clips were excluded from MR examinations. The images were reviewed for evidence of metallic artifact. The conspicuity of artifact was related to the composition, mass, orientation, and position of the metallic object in the body. In most instances, the metallic artifact did not interfere with the interpretation of the image. The patients' records were also reviewed for adverse effects noted by each patient during the MR examination. Only two patients reported discomfort that could possibly have been related to their metallic implants, but in both cases it seemed unlikely that the symptoms were actually related to the imaging process. There were no apparent short-term adverse effects demonstrated in these patients.
Magnetic resonance (MR) images and computed tomograms of 25 patients with head trauma were compared. MR proved to be superior in many ways for demonstrating extracerebral as well as intracerebral traumatic lesions. Isodense subdural hematomas, which present a diagnostic dilemma on CT images were clearly seen on MR, regardless of their varying CT densities. In a case of epidural hematoma, the dura mater was shown directly as nearly devoid of signal on MR. Direct coronal images provided excellent visualization of extracerebral collections along the peritentorial space and subtemporal area. In a patient with intracerebral hematoma, CT failed to demonstrate residual parenchymal changes in a 3-month follow-up study, but MR clearly depicted the abnormalities. The superiority of MR over CT was also well illustrated in a patient with post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the calvarium.
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