During three visits to Disko Bay, West Greenland, we found four different types of prymnesiophyte flagellates with heterococcoliths from species of the genera Papposphaera Tangen and Pappomonas Manton and Oates in characteristic and consistent combinations with holococcoliths from species of the genera Turrisphaera Manton, Sutherland, and Oates and Trigonaspis Thomsen. We conclude that several taxa previously considered to be autonomous species are, in fact, part of life histories combining hetero‐ and holococcolithophorid forms in a manner somewhat similar to that known from studies of cultured strains of Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich) Schiller and Crystallolithus hyalinus (Gaarder) Markali. Similarly, Calciarcus Manton, Sutherland and Oates and Wigwamma Manton, Sutherland and Oates also may be alternate phases of a coccolithophorid life history.
SUMMARY
Background:A prospective, open, randomized multicentre study with parallel group design was conducted in 155 general practice clinics, and included 1357 endoscopically uninvestigated patients with symptoms suggestive of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aim: To assess the differences in direct medical costs between a patient-controlled on-demand treatment strategy with esomeprazole, 20 mg daily, and general practitioner-controlled intermittent treatment strategies with esomeprazole, 40 mg daily, for either 2 or 4 weeks. Secondary objectives were to measure other costs, total costs, patient satisfaction and time to first relapse. Methods: The primary cost analysis was carried out as a cost minimization analysis, comparing the direct medical costs in patients allocated to on-demand treatment
The hydrography and plankton community structure was investigated in the Andaman Sea off Phuket, Thailand. Two cruises were conducted in 1996, one representing the calm dry NE monsoon season (March) and the other representing the stormy and rainy SW monsoon season (August). Sampling was performed along 3 transects perpendicular to the shelf break, from the coast across the shelf into deep water. The water column at the nearshore stations was vertically mixed, while the water column at off shore stations was strongly stratified, hence a frontal zone was established at the mid shelf. A prominent feature of the area was the pronounced internal wave centred around the pycnocline. The wave was observed from the outermost stations to the mid-shelf front. The height of the wave reached peak values of approximately 60 m in areas of approximately 300 m bottom depth. At all stations in stratified waters the vertical distribution of the phytoplankton showed a pronounced subsurface chl a peak in association with the pycnocline. The highest chl a values and primary production was observed at the front established at the mid shelf where the pycnocline meets the bottom, and salt nutrient-rich water is mixed up in the surface layer. We did not find any relationships between hydrography and the other key components of the microbial food web. No difference in productivity or food web structure was observed between the 2 seasons despite a significant difference in climatic forcing. Pico-and nanoplankton dominated the biomass in both seasons and Synechococcus contributed 72 to 74% of the biomass. Analysis of the microbial food web and establishment of carbon-flow budgets illustrates the importance of the microbial food web for making the primary producers available to the higher trophic levels.
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