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Mechanochemistry is well-established in the solid-phase synthesis of inorganic materials but has rarely been employed for molecular syntheses. In recent years, there has been nascent interest in 'greener' synthetic methods with less solvent, higher yields, and shorter reaction times being especially appealing to the fine chemicals and inorganic catalyst industries. Herein, we demonstrate that main-group indium(iii) complexes featuring bis(imino)acenaphthene (BIAN) ligands are readily accessible through a mechanochemical milling approach. The synthetic methodology reported herein not only bypasses the use of large solvent quantities and transition metal reagents for ligand synthesis, but also reduces reaction times dramatically. These new main-group complexes exhibit the potential to be reduced to indium(i) compounds, which may be employed as photosensitizers in organic catalyses and functional materials.

A set of flavonoids from Consolida oliveriana, kaempferol (1), quercetin (2), trifolin (3), and acetyl hyperoside (5) and their O-acetyl derivatives (1a, 2a, 3a), and octa-O-acetylhyperoside (4) showed leishmanicidal activity against promastigote as well as amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. The cellular proliferation, metabolic, and ultrastructural studies showed that the acetylated compounds 2a, 3a, and 4 were highly active against Leishmania (V.) peruviana, while 2a as well as 4 were effective against Leishmania (V.) braziliensis. These compounds were not cytotoxic and are effective at similar concentrations up to or lower than the reference drugs (pentostam and glucantim).