Palabras clave: metano, desechos orgánicos, producción de gas, bioenergía, residuos vegetales RESUMEN La creciente demanda de alimentos en áreas urbanas genera cada vez mayor cantidad de desperdicios orgánicos, incluyendo residuos vegetales. El manejo de estos residuos vegetales causa emisiones de gases efecto invernadero (GEI) por su recolección, transporte, y depósito en vertederos. Para identificar su potencial de GEI, en un mercado de alimentos se recolectaron residuos de hojas de lechuga (LS), de col (BOV), de coliflor (BOB), de maíz (HZM), de espinaca (SO) y de nopal (OF), se fermentaron in vitro usando líquido ruminal como inóculo y se compararon con heno de avena (AS), heno de alfalfa (AH) y ensilado de maíz (EZM), forrajes utilizados con frecuencia en la alimentación de rumiantes. Las variables fueron degradación in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS), pH, cinética de producción de gas y concentración de metano (CH4). La fermentación se realizó durante 96 h a 39 ºC y las muestras de gas para medir la concentración de CH4 se tomaron a 9, 12, 24, 34 y 48 h de incubación. La DIVMS de LS, BOV, BOB, HZM y OF fue 12.8 % mayor a AS, AH y EZM. Entre las 9 y 12 h de incubación la emisión de CH4 a partir de BOV, BOB and HZM fue 44.8 % superior a los tres forrajes. La principal conclusión es que estos residuos vegetales son degradados adecuadamente por los microorganismos ruminales y, por lo tanto, se pueden usar para la producción de biogás en áreas urbanas para disminuir su depósito en vertederos.Key words: methane, organic wastes, gas production, bioenergy, vegetable residues ABSTRACTThe growing demand for food in urban areas generates an increasing amount of organic wastes, including vegetable residues. The management of these wastes can lead to greenhouse gases emissions (GHG) through its process, including collection, transportation, Rev. Int.
Heat stress and a high metabolic rate of broilers increase the production of reactive oxygen species, which must be removed by antioxidants to prevent oxidative stress. Selenium (Se) is a potent antioxidant as it is a structural part of glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Dietary supplementation of Se can help reduce the oxidative stress caused by heat-stress conditions. The aim was to evaluate the effect of Se supplementation on the performance and antioxidant status of broilers under heat stress, by using a meta-analysis approach, and to quantify the contribution to heterogeneity of the explanatory variables through a meta-regression procedure. A database of 74 trials was created from 56 published studies that met the following inclusion criteria: papers that reported a measure of effect size, sample size, measure of variability and random procedure. The response variables were GPx and malondialdehyde concentrations, DM intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion rate. Broiler line, Se source, and dosage, heat-stress level, days of experimentation, sample source (blood, liver or meat) and basal Se concentration were considered to be explanatory variables. All statistical analyses were performed in R software, by using the ‘meta’ and ‘Metafor’ packages for meta-analysis and meta-regression respectively. High concentrations of GPx were found in Se-supplemented broilers (>1.76; P = 0.001), in comparison to control groups. However, when the random model was applied to GPx studies, it showed high heterogeneity (I2 = 95.4%), which was reduced (I2 = 61.5) when heat-stress temperature, Se source and its dosage and tissue sample were included as covariates in the meta-regression analysis. The highest standard mean difference of GPx was founded in studies that reported supplementation with inorganic Se sources (2.92), in comparison to supplementation with organic and nano-Se sources (1.66 and 1.44 respectively). The standard mean differences of malondialdehyde and feed conversion rate were significantly lower (<0.66 and <0.11 respectively) in supplemented broilers. Heterogeneity of all variables decreased when the explanatory variables were included in the mixed-regression model. Our findings confirmed that Se supplementation improves the broiler’s antioxidant status and productive performance. However, the response level was affected by dosage and source of Se and the level of heat stress.
Objective: To analyze the occurrence of the reproductive seasonality and its relation to the time of the year, feeding, race, and social environment of sheep in the municipality of Singuilucan, Hidalgo, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: Forty-one surveys with sheep breeders were carried out. The data obtained was subject to a logistic regression analysis, in order to analyze the degree to which the said variables intervene on the occurrence or absence of seasonal anestrus periods in ewes. The environment in which they are developed and the traditional handling of production units must be taken into account. Results: Seasonal anestrus periods have been recorded in 95.1% of the production units; such variables as seasons of the year, feeding type, race, and social environment have a significant influence (P<0.05). Spring is the most influential season of the year with regard to the occurrence of anestrus periods (P<0.05). The reproductive season reaches its peak in late spring and in summer; ewes give birth in late autumn and in winter. Study limitations/implications: Reproductive seasonality limits sheep production systems. Findings/conclusions: Estrus take place in late spring and early summer. The season of the year, feeding type, race, and social environment are variables that influence the occurrence of seasonal anestrus in spring.
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