Anthropometric: skinfold: density techniques. The techniques used in the study have been described in greater detail elsewhere (Young et al., 1961). Briefly, each subject kept a series of three appointments, all scheduled within less than one week. One appointment occurred first thing in the morning with the subject in a fasting state and with an empty bladder. At this time anthropometric, skinfold, and density measurements were made in the order listed. Weight and height were taken nude and "skeletal" and "envelope" measurements as described by A. R. Behnke ( 1958) were made.Skinfold measurements were taken with a Lange skinfold caliper, calibrated to exert a pressure of 10 gm. per square millimeter of jaw surface. Instructions for measurements suggested by the Committee on Nutritional Anthropometry of the Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council (1956) were used. Three successive measurements were taken at each site. Twelve sites, primarily on the right side of the body, were used:Chin, under the mandible; below the tip of the scapula; chest, mid-axillary border of pectoralis major and at xyphoid level on the mid-axillary line, lateral aspect of the thorax over the lower rib midway between the axilla and the iliac crest; waist on mid-axillary line, half-way between the lower rib and the iliac crest; abdomen, just to the right of the umbilicus and also, half-way between the umbilicus and the pubis on the midline; supra-iliac on the mid-axillary line; upper arm, over the triceps midway between the tip of the acromial process of the scapulae and the tip of the elbow; thigh, half way down over the rectus femoris muscle; and knee, over the patella. For all women to 50 years of age and for most of those 50 to 60 years density measurements were made as previously described with measurement of residual air in the lungs at the moment of under water weighing (Young et al., 1960). For the women 60 to 70 years of age and a few women in the sixth decade J. H. Fryer's (1960) modification of the technique of weighing in water was used in which 15 cm. of the subject's head, measured vertically, remained above the water. A correction factor determined with young women of various degrees of fatness was then applied to give the true specific gravity with a standard error of estimate of 0.007, equivalent to 3.5 per cent of body fat. In order to calculate body fat from specific gravity the formula of E. N. Rathbun and N. Pace (1945) was used.Fat pads on soft tissue X-rap; joint diameters. At a second appointment, soft tissue and joint skeletal X-rays were made. Soft tissue X-rays were taken following the technique of the Fels Research Institute ( S. M. Garn, 1954). The four joints on the right side-elbow, wrist, knee, and ankle-were taken with the X-ray beam focused directly over the joint under study using standard conditions (A. R. Behnke, 1959). Body water; basal oxygen; creatinine. At a third appointment basal metabolism, body water and creatinine excretion were measured. The subjects entered the Clinical Nutrition...
Leukoplakia of the oral cavity is a condition of particular signifi cance because of the frequency with which malignant change occurs in the abnormal tissue. Weisberger, 1 for example, records a series of 275 patients with oral carcinoma, of whom 60 per cent developed the malignancy at the site of leukoplakia. Wynder and Bross 2 reported leukoplakia present in 45 per cent of 52 patients with cancer of the buccal mucosa. The observation of this progression from a benign to a malignant lesion is sufficiently common as to be an undoubted part of the natural history of the disease.The cause of the oral leukoplakia however remains obscure. Epidemiologic studies 1,2 show a rather constant association of the condition with heavy smoking, alcoholism and syphilis and other environmental factors have been suspected, such as various dental conditions leading to local trauma. However, no basic mechanism leading to the development of leukoplakia has been found. For reasons which will be discussed, nutritional deficiency has been a popular suspect for a long time and the standard clinical approach to leukoplakia is to ensure that no frank malignant lesion exists which might require surgical removal and then to advise a reduction in smoking and the taking of some form of vitamin therapy. In partic ular, vitamin A or the Β vitamins are commonly used. However, few clinicians can be satisfied with these methods since cures are rather uncommon and the development of malignant change often continues inexorably in spite of all conservative treatment.Mulay and Urbach 3 reported in 1958 that they had considerable success in treating oral leukoplakia with a troche containing 150,000 units of vitamin A, seven of ten patients in their group showing "very
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.