The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) established the Organ Injury Scale (OIS) in 1984, making an initial revision in 1994, and the most recent revision in 2018. This recent revision was made to better predict the need for operative or angiointervention management, considering active hemorrhage or other vascular complications. Diagnosis of hemodynamically stable patients is made by CT; however, hemodynamically unstable patients may be diagnosed via focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) ultrasound or emergency laparotomy. [1][2][3] In this article, we discuss in depth the different OIS gradings for renal, hepatic, and splenic trauma and demonstrate the necessary information that an emergency radiologist must know through a series of cases. This knowledge will allow radiologists to concisely communicate with referring teams and
The advent of renal transplantation has significantly improved the quality of life and mortality of patients with end-stage renal disease. Unfortunately, transplant-associated complications (TACs) are common and pose a significant risk to both the allograft and the patient. A major advancement in the care of transplant recipients is the implementation of renal ultrasound, which allows for a more detailed assessment of the renal allograft and facilitates the distinction of different TAC manifestations such as perinephric fluid collections, vascular disease, and parenchymal disease. A better understanding of the clinical and sonographic features of TACs will help guide TAC management and promote better outcomes for renal transplant recipients.
Thyroid cancer screening tripled from 1975 to 2009, whereas mortality due to thyroid cancer has not significantly changed, suggesting an overdiagnosis of thyroid cancer. Thyroid nodules are typically first assessed with ultrasound and followed up with fine needle aspiration (FNA), if indicated. Thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) is designed to improve diagnostic accuracy and risk stratification, leading to a decrease in unnecessary FNA procedures and follow-up examinations. TI-RADS assigns scores in five categories-composition, echogenicity, shape, margins, and echogenic foci-which are totaled to yield a final overall TI-RADS score and classification. The final classification has been shown to correlate with the likelihood of malignancy.
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