The third edition of Flow Cytometry Guidelines provides the key aspects to consider when performing flow cytometry experiments and includes comprehensive sections describing phenotypes and functional assays of all major human and murine immune cell subsets. Notably, the Guidelines contain helpful tables highlighting phenotypes and key differences between human and murine cells. Another useful feature of this edition is the flow cytometry analysis of clinical samples with examples of flow cytometry applications in the context of autoimmune diseases, cancers as well as acute and chronic infectious diseases. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid. All sections are written and peer-reviewed by leading flow cytometry experts and immunologists, making this edition an essential and state-of-the-art handbook for basic and clinical researchers.
Neutrophils are an essential part of the innate immune system and the first line of defense against invading pathogens. They phagocytose, release granular contents, produce reactive oxygen species, and form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to fight pathogens. With the characterization of NETs and their components, neutrophils were identified as players of the innate adaptive crosstalk. This has placed NETs at the center not only of physiological but also pathological processes. Aside from their role in pathogen uptake and clearance, NETs have been demonstrated to contribute to the resolution of inflammation by forming aggregated NETs able to degrade inflammatory mediators. On the other hand, NETs have the potential to foster severe pathological conditions. When homeostasis is disrupted, they occlude vessels and ducts, serve as sources of autoantigens and danger or damage associated molecular patterns, directly damage tissues, and exaggerate complement activity and inflammation. This review focusses on the understanding of NETs from their formation to their functions in both physiological and pathological processes.
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