A conductor thermal model related to CIGRE and IEEE solutions was developed and compared with measurements. Two pylons of a single line were equipped with weather monitoring stations and conductor temperature sensors based on Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) principle. Also a fiber optic distributed temperature sensing system was installed to provide additional data. Over 2.5 million data points were evaluated. Developed model deviation for more than 99 % of values proved to be ±1 • C for SAW sensor and ±3.5 • C for the fiber optic measurement. Several ampacity determination methods were described from a transmission grid operator's point of view. Their features were compared in order to show at which planning period they could be useful. A new method for dynamic line rating determination was proposed. Although it reduces maximum ampacity gain, its advantage lies in minimizing measurement systems while retaining relatively stable value and low risk of temperature limit exceeding.
This mini-review presents a short account of materials with exceptional activity towards oxygen reduction reaction. Two main classes of catalytic materials are described, namely platinum group metal (PGM) catalyst and Non-precious metal catalyst. The classes are discussed in terms of possible application in low-temperature hydrogen fuel cells with proton exchange membrane and further commercialization of these devices. A short description of perspective approaches is provided and challenging issues associated with developed catalytic materials are discussed.
The aim o f this work is to clarify the interaction mechanisms between the drilling tool and material. Drilling tests were carried out on glass/polyester and carbon/epoxy composites using different twist drills. The cutting tools and machined surfaces were examined by optical microscopy, scanning microscopy and surface profilom etry to study composite damage and tool wear. Among the defects caused by drilling, delamination appears to be the most critical and may occurs a t both the entrance and exit planes. A prediction model o f thrust force fo r drilling without delamination is proposed.
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