1. In experiments carried out with 950 one-day-old male chickens, the effect of tannin supplementation (0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) on performance, microbial status of chickens small intestine and colon of 28- and 41-d-old chickens, as well as histological changes of jejunum walls at 41 d and carcase quality were determined. 2. Application of 250 or 500 mg of sweet chestnut tannin per kg of feed had an insignificant effect on body weight and feed conversion of 41-d-old chickens (30 and 26%) in comparison to control birds. The highest tannin supplement (1000 mg/kg) reduced final body weight. 3. No effects of tannin supplementation on feed conversion and carcase quality were found. 4. Addition of tannin increased dry matter content of the litter by 88 (Group II) and 77% (Group III) when compared to control. 5. Higher doses of tannins significantly reduced the number of E. coli and coliform bacteria in small intestine of 28-d-old chickens; in other microorganisms great variability of microbial populations in small intestine and colon were observed. 6. The histologies of jejunal walls in chickens of control, II (250 mg/kg) and III (500 mg/kg) groups were similar. The structure was characteristic of correctly developed and functioning tissues and the villi were formed correctly. Tannin applied at the highest dose (1000 mg) slowed down the proliferation rate in the mother-cell zone. Single cells and enterocyte complexes showed the features characteristic of degradation processes. These unfavourable symptoms indicated some disturbances in intestinal wall morphology and function.
There are two kinds of adipose tissue in mammals: white adipose tissue -WAT and brown adipose tissue -BAT. The main function of WAT is accumulation of triacylglycerols whereas the function of BAT is heat generation. At present, WAT is also considered to be an endocrine gland that produces bioactive adipokines, which take part in glucose and lipid metabolism. Considering its endocrine function, the adipose tissue is not a homogeneous gland but a group of a few glands which act differently. Studies on the secretory function of WAT began in 1994 after discovery of leptin known as the satiation hormone, which regulates body energy homeostasis and maintainence of body mass. Apart from leptin, the following belong to adipokines: adiponectin, resistin, apelin, visfatin and cytokines: TNF and IL 6. Adiponectin is a polypeptide hormone of antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic activity. It plays a key role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Resistin exerts a counter effect compared to adiponectin and its physiological role is to maintain fasting glycaemia. Visfatin stimulates insulin secretion and increases insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake by muscle cells and adipocytes. Apelin probably increases the insulin sensitivity of tissues. TNF evokes insulin resistance by blocking insulin receptors and inhibits insulin secretion. Approximately 30% of circulating IL 6 comes from adipose tissue. It causes insulin resistance by decreasing the expression of insulin receptors, decreases adipogenesis and adiponectin and visfatin secretion, and stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis. In 2004, Bays introduced the notion of adiposopathy, defined as dysfunction of the adipose tissue, whose main feature is insulin and leptin resistance as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines: TNF and IL 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein. This means that excess of adipose tissue, especially visceral adipose tissue, leads to the development of a chronic subclinical inflammatory condition, which favours the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Obesity is a systemic illness caused by energy transformation homeostasis disorder which results in an increase in the amount of body fat mass. It effects approximately 40% of dogs and 20% of cats. Illnesses which accompany obesity result, to a great extent, from the secretive role of adipose tissue, which is still little known, which should be included when planning treatment of an obese animal.
Experimental Mg deficiency leads to alterations in the immune response. Reduction of thymus weight and histological changes were previously observed in Mg-deficient rats after several weeks on a deficient diet, suggesting that functions of this immune organ may be affected by Mg deficiency. More recently, changes in the immune system during early Mg deficiency were shown. Thus, in the present study we examined modifications in the thymus during the early stages of Mg deficiency in weanling rats. From our results, it appears that Mg deficiency accelerates thymus involution. The assessment of apoptosis (enumeration of apoptotic cells on the basis of morphological criteria and intranucleosomal degradation of genomic DNA) showed greater values in thymuses from Mg-deficient rats as compared with controls. This was observed very early, since a significant difference was shown on the second day of deficiency, before reduced weight of thymus, which was recorded in the later period. These results indicate the relationship of accelerated thymus involution with an active process of cell death. Mg deficiency led to histological changes in the thymus. In the early stage of deficiency (second day) the presence of inflammatory cells was shown, suggesting that the inflammatory process was already occurring in the tissue studied. Later (eighth day) an increased proportion of epithelial reticular cells in the cortex was shown, indicating a remodelling process occurring in this period. Enhanced susceptibility to peroxidation also occurred very early during Mg deficiency. It may be hypothesized that disturbances in Mg status of short duration could have cellular effects with various deleterious consequences.
Chemical composition and biological value of spray dried porcine blood by-3 products and bone protein hydrolysate for young chickens 4 5
Spray-dried porcine blood plasma (SDBP) or blood cells (SDBC) at amounts of 20 or 40 g/kg were included to the feed mixtures that were given to young chickens within 1-28 (Exp. 1) or 1-30 (Exp. 2) days post-hatch. In comparison with the group fed mixtures containing plant components, chickens fed mixtures supplemented with 40 g/kg of SDBP significantly (p < 0.01) increased the body weight estimated on 14 day of life (Exp. 1). At the age of 28 or 30 days post-hatch, the body weight was improved significantly (p < 0.01 or 0.05) in both experiments. Significant differences (one-factorial anova) in feed conversion among particular feeding groups were stated in Exp. 1 only; however, calculations using two-factorial anova show insignificant differences depending on the used animal meal. In selected blood parameters (IgG, Ht, Hb), insignificant differences between feeding groups were stated. The use of SDBP in feed mixture significantly increased the Na retention in both experiments, and K accretion in Exp. 1 only. Application of SDBC and 40 g/kg of SDBP significantly or insignificantly improved Fe retention. Insignificant diversification of apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients was stated; the crude fat was significantly better digested in treatments fed mixtures with animal meals but kind of animal meal was without any significant effect. Significant differences in digestibility of amino acids were recorded for Pro, Cys, Val, His, Lys and Arg. In chickens fed mixture with SDBC, higher coefficients of apparent digestibility of Cys, Val and His (Exp. 1) and Cys and His (Exp. 2) than in other feeding groups were obtained. The kind of used blood by-products has not affected the histological structure of intestine wall.
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