The purpose of this study was to examine the healing potential and re-osseointegration in peri-implant infection defects adjacent to various implant surfaces. In 7 female Beagle dogs, a total of 41 titanium oral implants (ITI, Straumann, Waldenburg; Switzerland) with a sink depth of 6 mm (diameter 2.8 mm) were placed transmucosally. Four different surface configurations (TPS: titanium plasma sprayed (10); SLA: sand blasted and acid-etched (13); M: machined and smooth (11); TPS furc.: titanium plasma sprayed with coronally placed perforation to mimic a furcation (7) were distributed among the animals and locations. Following a healing period of 3 months, silk ligatures were placed and oral cleaning procedures abolished for 4 months to induce a vertical bone loss of about 40%. Following mechanical and chemical cleansing (chlorhexidine and metronidazole) and disinfection, the lesions were either sham operated (11) or subjected to a GTR procedure using ePTFE (30). After 6 months of healing the animals were killed and the jaws histologically evaluated. Six membranes were lost TPS: (1); SLA: (2); M: (2); TPS furc: (1) and 3 membranes exposed TPS: (1); M: (2) and excluded from further evaluation. Owing to the loss of 1 implant and infection of the membranes in the TPS furc group, this implant configuration was discarded from further analysis. For TPS surfaces, bone fill was 2.6 mm (73% of the distance from the bottom of the defect to the shoulder of the implant) sites with (4 GTR) and 0.33 mm (14%) for sites without membrane (2 controls). Re-osseointegration was 0.5 mm (14%) in the test group and 0.3 mm (14%) in the control. For SLA surfaces bone fill was 2.3 mm (83%) for sites with (7 GTR) and 0.41 mm (15%) for sites without membranes (4 controls). Re-osseointegration was 0.6 mm (20%) and 0.3 mm (11%) respectively. Corresponding values for M surfaces were 2.2 mm (62%) with 4 GTR) and 0.82 mm (31%) without membranes. Re-osseointegration was 0.07 mm (2%) and 0.19 mm (7%) respectively. This study has documented that peri-implant infections defects may heal with bone fill provided that the infection is controlled through effective antibacterial therapy. However, true reosseointegration appears to be difficult to achieve.
A classification system for sinus membrane perforations encountered during a sinus augmentation procedure is presented. Five of the perforations are discussed, as are the therapeutic options for their repair. Class I and Class II perforations are most easily repaired, while Class IV is the most difficult to successfully treat. In addition, the effect of the sinus membrane perforation on the course of proposed therapy is discussed. When classified and managed appropriately, sinus membrane perforations are not an absolute indication for aborting the augmentation procedure which is in progress. This paper provides a system of classification that can be used by clinicians to collect data on membrane perforations and repair results.
A classification and repair system is presented for the management of sinus membrane perforations, based upon membrane location and severity. The results of 19 consecutively treated cases are presented. All cases of sinus membrane perforation were appropriately managed, resulting in successful sinus augmentation therapy, implant placement, and restoration. All implants were functioning successfully at the time of statistical compilation.
These findings suggest that non-countersunk implants of 7 to 9 mm in length may be successfully restored with single crowns in the maxillary molar region.
Predictable sinus augmentation therapy may be obtained through the use of a variety of regenerative materials. Titanium implants of various configurations and surface topographies will function successfully in augmented sinuses over time.
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