With a history of effective treatment of individuals and groups, it is a natural evolution for therapeutic adventure to incorporate families into the treatment paradigm. This article looks at the development of adventure family therapy as a specific sub-discipline of therapeutic adventure, including the integration of family therapy theories and a review of the research. Future obstacles, such as scope of practice limitations, lack of theoretical integration in practice, and research limitations are also discussed.
Solution-focused advising integrates solution-focused therapy with academic advising. Solution-focused therapy is apsychotherapeutic method that emphasizes the importance of strengths and goal achievement overpathology. The model is based on the positive presuppositions that change is always occurring and that clients can promote change through small steps from a perceived problem toward a goal. Academic advisors can apply solution-focused therapy to students who are undecided about a career major. A definition of an undecided student is presented as well as case samples that demonstrate solution-focused techniques in advising.
Solution-focused advising is a novel method for engaging students in the advising process. In NACADA Journal 22(1), we discussed a conceptual framework for understanding the integration of solution-focused therapy into academic advising of undecided students (Mayhall & Burg, 2002). In this article we expand on the introduction by providing specific information on the skills used in solution-focused advising. The techniques of goal setting, scaling questions, presuppositional questions, the miracle question, positive feedback, and homework assignments are discussed, and an illustration is provided for each intervention as it applies to various advising situations.
Leaf-sheath pulvini of excised segments from oat (Avena sativa L.) were induced to grow by treatment with 10 micromoles indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gravistimulation, or both, and the effects of calcium, EGTA, and calcium channel blockers on growth were evaluated. Unilaterally applied calcium (10 mM CaCl2) significantly inhibited IAA-induced growth in upright pulvini but had no effect on growth induced by either gravity or gravity plus IAA. Calcium alone had no effect on upright pulvini. The calcium chelator EGTA alone (10 mM) stimulated growth in upright pulvini. However, EGTA had no effect on either IAA- or gravity-induced growth but slightly diminished growth in IAA-treated gravistimulated pulvini. The calcium channel blockers lanthanum chloride (25 mM), verapamil (2.5 mM), and nifedipine (2.5 mM) greatly inhibited growth as induced by IAA (> or = 50% inhibition) or IAA plus gravity (20% inhibition) but had no effect on gravistimulated pulvini. Combinations of channel blockers were similar in effect on IAA action as individual blockers. Since neither calcium ions nor EGTA significantly affected the graviresponse of pulvini, we conclude that apoplastic calcium is unimportant in leaf-sheath pulvinus gravitropism. The observation that calcium ions and calcium channel blockers inhibit IAA-induced growth, but have no effect on gravistimulated pulvini, further supports previous observations that gravistimulation alters the responsiveness of pulvini to IAA.
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