Gender reassignment (which includes psychotherapy, hormonal therapy and surgery) has been demonstrated as the most effective treatment for patients affected by gender dysphoria (or gender identity disorder), in which patients do not recognize their gender (sexual identity) as matching their genetic and sexual characteristics. Gender reassignment surgery is a series of complex surgical procedures (genital and nongenital) performed for the treatment of gender dysphoria. Genital procedures performed for gender dysphoria, such as vaginoplasty, clitorolabioplasty, penectomy and orchidectomy in male-to-female transsexuals, and penile and scrotal reconstruction in female-to-male transsexuals, are the core procedures in gender reassignment surgery. Nongenital procedures, such as breast enlargement, mastectomy, facial feminization surgery, voice surgery, and other masculinization and feminization procedures complete the surgical treatment available. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health currently publishes and reviews guidelines and standards of care for patients affected by gender dysphoria, such as eligibility criteria for surgery. This article presents an overview of the genital and nongenital procedures available for both male-to-female and female-to-male gender reassignment.

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Introduction In conditions with severe deficiency of endogenous nitric oxide (NO), such as long-term diabetes and cavernosal nerve injury, phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors have reduced efficacy in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. NO-releasing PDE5 inhibitors could be an alternative therapeutic approach in such cases. Aim We therefore aimed to compare sildenafil and NO-releasing sildenafil (NCX-911) in relaxing human corpus cavernosum in the absence or presence of endogenous NO. Methods The two compounds were compared in reducing the phenylephrine-induced tone of human corpus cavernosum in the presence or absence of an inhibitor of NO synthase (L-NAME; 500 µM) or an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase (ODQ, 10 µM). Results NCX-911 was as potent as sildenafil in control conditions (EC50 = 733.1 ± 94.4 nM and 800.7 ± 155.8 nM, respectively). The potency of NCX-911 was not altered but that of sildenafil decreased significantly in the presence of L-NAME (EC50 = 980.4 ± 106.7 nM and 2446.7 ± 256.8 nM, respectively; P < 0.001 for sildenafil vs. control). Both compounds below 1 µM failed to induce relaxation in the presence of ODQ (EC50 = 6578 ± 1150 nM and 6488 ± 938 nM for NCX-911 and sildenafil, respectively). Conclusion These results show that the potency of NCX-911 was maintained unlike sildenafil in the absence of endogenous NO confirming the potential use of NO-releasing PDE5 inhibitors in NO-deficient conditions.

Penile erection results from the balance between relaxation and contractile mechanisms of the corpus cavernosum. Only a few studies suggest a role for endogenous contractile agents such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Our aim was to confirm the possible role of 5-HT in human erection. The effect of 5-HT on human cavernosal tissues, as well as those of doxazosin (shown previously to have 5-HT inhibitory action), ketanserin (5-HT (2A) receptor antagonist), NAN-190 (5-HT (1A) receptor antagonist), and SB 203186 (5-HT (4) receptor antagonist) on 5-HT-mediated effects, were assessed using the organ bath technique, including electrical field stimulation study (EFS). Results are presented as median (mg/ mg 5 mg contraction/mg of tissue). Consistent 5-HT-mediated (10 23 M) contractions were demonstrated (n 5 18; 63 mg/mg). These contractions were inhibited with ketanserin by 90% (n 5 8), NAN-190 by 68% (n 5 12), and SB 203186 by 55% (n 5 12). Doxazosin showed a similar 5-HT inhibitory action in a concentrationdependent manner (10 24 M; 94% reduction; n 5 8, 10 26 M; 68.3% reduction; n 5 8). Our EFS studies indicated the presence of neuronally derived 5-HT and that a majority of the nonnoradrenogenic contraction (54%) was mediated via 5-HT(2A) receptors. These findings suggest that 5-HT may play a role in the human detumescence process via 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(4) receptors. Neuronally released 5-HT is probably an important contractile neurotransmitter in the erectile process. Doxazosin, ketanserin, and 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(4) receptor antagonists may be useful as part of combination therapy used to treat erectile dysfunction.

Torsion of an accessory spleen is recognized as a rare cause of acute abdominal pain in childhood. A case is reported which, however, is unusual in that it occurred in a patient of 75, who had had no previous symptoms which might have suggested the presence of an accessory spleen.