SummaryThe solubility of amorphous Th(IV) hydroxide at pH 3.0–13.5 and the aqueous speciation at pH < 4 are investigated in 0.5 M NaCl and 25 °C. The laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD) is used to monitor the initial formation of thorium hydroxide colloids during the coulometric titration of 1.2×10In other solubility studies with amorphous Th(IV) hydroxide or hydrous oxide, considerably higher thorium concentrations are measured at pH 3.5–5. Therefore, solutions of comparable H
The effectiveness of methods to prevent stroke recurrence and of education focusing on learners' needs has not been fully explored. The aims of this study were to assess the effects of such interventions among stroke patients and their primary caregivers and to evaluate the feasibility of a web-based stroke education program. The participants were 36 patients with a clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke within 12 months post-stroke and their primary caregivers. The participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group. The primary measures included blood chemistry, self-reported health behaviors, sense of control, and health motivation for stroke patients, and caregiver mastery for caregivers. To test the feasibility of the intervention program, the rates of participation and occurrence of technical problems were calculated. The experimental group tended to improve significantly more than the control group in terms of exercise, diet, sense of control and health motivation for the stroke patients and in terms of caregiver mastery for the primary caregivers. The rate of participation in the web-based program was 63.1%. This program, which focuses on recurrence prevention in stroke patients and caregivers, has the potential to improve health behaviors for stroke patients.
Europium / TRLFS / Clay minerals / Surface complexation / Ternary complexesSummary. The surface sorption process of Eu(III) onto smectite and kaolinite was investigated by time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) in the trace concentration range. The experiments were performed in 0.025 M and 0.45 M NaClO 4 . The sorption process of Eu(III) onto smectite was obtained by TRLFS under atmospheric conditions and in absence of CO 2 . The pH was varied between 3.5 and 9 at a fixed metal ion concentration of 3.3 × 10 −6 mol/L Eu(III). At low pH (< 4) the metal ion keeps its complete hydration sphere indicating outer-sphere complexation. With increasing pH the formation of an inner-sphere Eu(III) surface complex was observed. The differences in the spectra and the fluorescence emission lifetimes of the surface sorbed Eu(III) in presence and absence of carbonate indicate the formation of ternary clay/Eu(III)/carbonate complexes. The different europium/clay surface complexes were characterized by their fluorescence emission spectra ( 5 D 0 → 7 F 1 / 5 D 0 → 7 F 2 intensity ratio) and their fluorescence emission lifetime.
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