We report a dramatic increase in the light extraction efficiency of GaN-based blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by ZnO nanorod arrays on a planar indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent electrode. ZnO nanorods were grown into aqueous solution at the low temperature of 90 °C. With 20 mA current injection, the light output efficiency of the LED with ZnO nanorod arrays on ITO was increased by about 57% with no increase in a forward voltage over the conventional LEDs with planar ITO. The increased light extraction by the ZnO nanorod arrays is due to the formation of sidewalls and a rough surface, resulting in a multiple photon scattering at the LED surface.

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The jerk test is a hallmark for predicting the prognosis of nonoperative treatment for posteroinferior instability. Shoulders with symptomatic posteroinferior instability and a painful jerk test have posteroinferior labral lesions.