C ardiovascular disease is a leading mortality cause, which, despite a recent decline, still contributes to 4 million deaths per year, that is, almost half of all deaths in Europe, whereof ≈30% occurred at <65 years of age. 1It contributes to 22% of all disability-adjusted life-years lost in the European Union and a hospital discharge rate of 2400/100 000 inhabitants.2 Although traditional risk factors are behind a substantial proportion of cardiovascular disease, other factors are important.3 Chronic inflammation accelerates the progress of atherosclerosis, and inflammatory activation increases the risk for plaque rupture leading to acute coronary syndromes. 4,5 Editorial see p 549 Clinical Perspective on p 583Periodontal diseases are inflammatory conditions ranging from gingivitis to severe periodontitis, the latter with a prevalence of 9% in the western European population. 6 The prevalence is age dependent as exemplified by a survey from the United States where it increased from 11% in the age group 50 to 65 years to 20% among those >75 years. 7 The disease, which is diagnosed by clinical and radiographic examination, 8 is a chronic tissuedestructive inflammatory state, predominantly induced by Gramnegative bacteria colonizing the gingival crevice. Background-The relationship between periodontitis (PD) and cardiovascular disease is debated. PD is common in patients with cardiovascular disease. It has been postulated that PD could be causally related to the risk for cardiovascular disease, a hypothesis tested in the Periodontitis and Its Relation to Coronary Artery Disease (PAROKRANK) study. Methods and Results-Eight hundred five patients (<75 years of age) with a first myocardial infarction (MI) and 805 age-(mean 62±8), sex-(male 81%), and area-matched controls without MI underwent standardized dental examination including panoramic x-ray. The periodontal status was defined as healthy (≥80% remaining bone) or as mild-moderate (from 79% to 66%) or severe PD (<66%). Great efforts were made to collect information on possibly related confounders (≈100 variables). Statistical comparisons included the Student pairwise t test and the McNemar test in 2×2 contingency tables. Contingency tables exceeding 2×2 with ranked alternatives were tested by Wilcoxon signed rank test. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were calculated by conditional logistic regression. PD was more common (43%) in patients than in controls (33%; P<0.001). There was an increased risk for MI among those with PD (odds ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-1.83), which remained significant (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.60) after adjusting for variables that differed between patients and controls (smoking habits, diabetes mellitus, years of education, and marital status). Conclusions-In this large case-control study of PD, verified by radiographic bone loss and with a careful consideration of potential confounders, the risk of a first MI was significantly increased in patients with PD even after adjustment for confoundin...

Aims To test the hypothesis that periodontal disease contributes to increased risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and Alzheimer′s disease (AD). Materials and methods This case–control study was conducted over a 3‐year period in the municipality of Huddinge, Sweden. In total, 154 cases were consecutively enrolled from the Karolinska Memory Clinic at the Karolinska University Hospital and allotted to three diagnostic groups: AD, MCI and SCD, collectively referred to as “cases.” Seventy‐six cognitively healthy age‐ and gender‐matched controls were randomly sampled through the Swedish population register. All cases and controls underwent clinical and radiographic oral examinations. Statistical analysis was based on logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Results Poor oral health and marginal alveolar bone loss were more prevalent among cases than among controls. The cases group was associated with generalized marginal alveolar bone loss (odds ratio [OR] = 5.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14–29.68), increased number of deep periodontal pockets (OR = 8.43; CI 4.00–17.76) and dental caries (OR = 3.36; CI 1.20–9.43). Conclusion The results suggest that marginal periodontitis is associated with early cognitive impairment and AD. However, the study design does not preclude noncausal explanations.

Dental care utilization markedly declines following dementia diagnosis. The reduction is more prominent in those with rapid progressive cognitive impairment and the ones with extra frailty burden.

Aim : The aim of this study was to compare the subgingival microbiota of people with Alzheimer´s disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and cognitively healthy individuals. Materials and methods : The study population was recruited from 2013 to 2017 and comprised 132 cases recently diagnosed with AD (n = 46), MCI (n = 40) or SCD (n = 46), and 63 cognitively healthy controls. Subgingival samples were collected, and the microbiotas were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results : The relative abundance of the ten most common genera did not differ between the cases and control groups. However, the microbial richness and evenness were higher in cases than in controls and differed across the four groups. The variables with the greatest influence on the microbial community composition were related to periodontal disease followed by body mass index, study group affiliation and smoking. Ten taxa exhibited significant differences between case participants and controls. Two Operational Taxonomic Units were particularly abundant in AD compared to controls: Slackia exigua , which was also associated with deep periodontal pockets, and a Lachnospiraceae [G-7] bacterium. Conclusion : It is concluded that in individuals with cognitive impairment or AD, the subgingival microbiota exhibits shifts typical of periodontal disease.

Periodontitis is associated with persistently high levels of circulating antibodies that are reactive with pathogen- and host-derived antigens.