Our findings indicate that in patients after radical operation for ASC, predominance for one of the histopathological components (adenous or squamous) within primary tumor is attended by worst prognosis. Our study confirmed also that the prognosis of ASC of the lung was poorer than that of primary AC. Lack of generally accepted diagnostic criteria and unclear prognosis, even in the pathologic stage I suggest that there is a need for prospective studies in this respect.
Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is one of the most common endocrine disorders, defined by hypersecretion of parathormone. Primary HPT can be caused by adenoma, hyperplasia, and carcinoma. A great amount of mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease, such as genetic predispositions because of the germline-inactivating mutations in the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and HRPT2 tumor suppressor genes. Somatic mutations in these genes were found also in sporadic parathyroid neoplasias. Cell cycle regulators, growth factors, apoptosis-inducing ligands, death receptors, and other transmitter substances have also been implicated in the etiology of primary HPT. Parathyroid carcinoma is often misdiagnosed as parathyroid adenoma and long-term survival is conditioned by the extent of the primary surgical resection, therefore, of great interest is the discovery of definitive diagnostic markers for carcinoma. This article presents current state of knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of primary HPT.
Primary hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder that results in overproduction of parathyroid hormone by overactivated parathyroid gland leading to a significant rise in blood serum calcium. It results in hypercalcaemia, which has a significant impact mainly on the kidneys and bones and results in a variety of signs and symptoms. Primary hyperparathyroidism should be treated because, if left without any therapy, it can lead even to death. Surgery is considered as the best and only successful therapy, with very low risk of recurrence and relatively low complication rate. The aim of this review is to present clinical basis, aetiology, diagnostic possibilities, and treatment opportunities.
In our opinion the most important finding of our work is that determination of cell ploidy in NSCLC provides a valuable supplement to the TNM stage when evaluating late results of the surgical treatment. However, the paper demonstrates that aneuploidy, although unfavourable, is not an independent prognostic factor in the group of patients with NSCLC and in the subgroups - both with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Our results show also that the percentage of S-phase cells is an independent, unfavourable prognostic factor in patients treated surgically for non-small cell lung cancer and in the subgroup with squamous cell lung carcinoma.
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