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A report is presented of a polyuric condition associated with chronic bilateral pyelonephritis in an old diabetic patient during an aglucosuric period. On the basis of the limited response to lysin-vasopressin and the extremely low values obtained for solute-free water abstraction per 100 ml glomerular filtration, a defective operation of the countercurrent concentrating mechanism was demonstrated.The normal response induced by furosemide during both maximal sustained water diuresis and hydropenia indicated that the sodium pump in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle was operating satisfactorily. Therefore, the disordered function of the countercurrent system was not due to insufficiency of sodium transport but probably to the lack of "solute-trapping" ahility of the disintegrated renal medulla.