Summary Reasons for performing study: Increased mucin gene expression may be an important cause of mucus accumulation observed in recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)‐affected horses. To date, however, no mucin gene sequences are available for the horse. Objectives: To identify equine homologues of gel‐forming mucins and investigate their expression at different airway generations of healthy and RAO‐affected horses. Methods: Two equine homologues were identified by cloning and sequencing fragments of equine (eq)MUC5AC and eqMUC2. Results: Semiquantitative RT‐PCR on RNA from airways (generations 1, 5, 10, 15; small airways and parenchyma), stomach (glandular), and colon revealed that eqMUC5AC is expressed in equine stomach and in all of the airway samples. In contrast, eqMUC2 steady‐state mRNA levels were detected in colon and very faintly in stomach, but not in airway tissue. EqMUC5AC expression was also compared to that of ZO‐1, a tight junction protein, and eqMUC5AC/ZO‐1 ratios were higher in RAO‐affected compared to control horses at all airway generations. Conclusions: That eqMUC5AC is expressed in horse airways, but any expression of MUC2 is undetectable and unlikely to be of physiological consequence. Potential relevance: EqMUC5AC up‐regulation may be a primary mechanism responsible for mucus hypersecretion and accumulation in RAO.
Laparoscopic observation of the ovaries of seventeen adult regularly cycling Macaca fascicularis was made during their menstrual cycles at the optimal time for detecting follicular development. Preovulatory morphology, follicular rupture and immediate postovulatory morphology were noted and photographed. Data are presented correlating the duration of the follicular phase and the luteal phase with that of the total cycle. Recent developments in laparoscopy have facilitated the observation and photography of the non-human primate reproductive organs in vivo. Reports have described laparoscopie observations of follicular morphology in Macaca fascicularis and depicted follicular development before and after ovulation (Jewett & Dukelow, 1972).The objectives of the present study were to view the moment of ovulation, to determine the postovulatory relationships between the ovary and egg mass, and to characterize ovulation in consecutive cycles of the same animal. Portions of this work were included in a preliminary report (Dukelow & Rawson, 1972).Seventeen adult Macaca fascicularis, which had been held in captivity for at at least 5 years, were used. These animals were among the same group used in the studies of Jewett and his co-workers which have been previously mentioned. The technique of laparoscopy used in this study has previously been described (Dukelow, Jarosz, Jewett & Harrison, 1971). Basically, it involves observation with a fibre optic paediatric laparoscope under Sernylan im¬ mobilization (Parke-Davis Co.), with a C02-produced pneumoperitoneum. Examinations were carried out on Days 12 to 16 of the menstrual cycle de¬ pending on the mean duration of the previous six cycles for any individual animal. When ovulation was observed laparoscopically, a laparotomy was performed and the cumulus mass was recovered from the ovarian surface.The mean duration of 115 complete cycles of the seventeen macaques was 30-8+1-0 days. Seventy-eight ovulations occurred of which thirty-eight (48-7%) were on the left ovary and forty (51-3%) were on the right. In nineteen examinations, the time of ovulation could be determined within a 24-hr period. The mean duration of the follicular phase was 14-1 + 1-1 days with a range of 187
The induction of follicular growth, ovulation, and atresia by heterologous gonadotropic preparations was studied late in the reproductive cycle of the adult female guinea pig. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administration (10 IU) 12 days following the first signs of opening of the vaginal membrane was found to stimulate ovulation within 24 h in all animals studied, as evidenced by recovery of ova from their oviducts as well as the presence of postovulatory follicles in their ovaries. Histologically, ovaries of animals receiving HCG exhibited atretic changes in most of the follicles smaller than 999 µmin diameter. Pregnant mares serum gonadotropin (PMSG, 10 IU) administered on days 9 and 10 of the cycle was not sufficient to stimulate ovulation in this species although histological changes in the follicular complement were observed. Administration of PMSG prior to the HCG appeared to have an inhibitory effect on ovulation induction. Follicles luteinizing with entrapped ova were seen in all groups receiving exogenous gonadotropin, although they were most prevalent in the animals receiving the maximum total gonadotropin doses (i.e. PMSG + HCG).
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