Double cropping forage cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) with corn (Zea mays L.) and injecting liquid dairy cow (Bos taurus L.) manure in the fall may increase manure nutrient utilization and total forage production. Although potentially economically and environmentally beneficial, these practices have not been widely adopted by Northeastern U.S. farmers. This 2‐yr full‐factorial experiment conducted in Pennsylvania quantified the effects of (a) rye management (RyeM; early terminated cover crop, CC vs. double crop harvested approximately 1 wk later, DC) and (b) manure application method (ManM; unincorporated broadcasted manure, BM vs. shallow disk injected manure, IM) on rye biomass, rye apparent manure nitrogen and phosphorus recovery (ANR and APR, respectively), subsequent corn silage yield, and total forage production (DC + summer corn silage) and the effect of ManM on DC forage nutritive value. Double cropping increased rye biomass 143%, ANR 119%, APR 126%, and total forage production 29–44% compared to CC. While IM did not increase net returns on rye silage production compared to BM, IM improved rye forage nutritive value by increasing ANR by 84%, rye crude protein by 29%, net energy of lactation by 10%, and reduced neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by 10%. Injecting manure also increased summer corn yield 21% and total forage 13% when rye was harvested as DC compared to DC with BM. Farmers adopting DC can increase total forage production and nutrient recovery and, when combined with IM, forage production and rye quality can potentially be improved.
Management of manure and cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) has implications for crop production and nutrient cycling. This 1-yr, full-factorial experiment conducted in Pennsylvania quantified the effects of three management factors-(a) rye management (RyeM; early-terminated cover crop [CC] vs. double crop harvested a week later [DC]), (b) manure application method (ManM; unincorporated broadcast manure [BM] vs. shallow disk injected manure [IM]), and (c) fall field operation prioritization (priority; manure priority [MP] manure application in late September with rye planting in mid-October vs. rye priority [RP], rye planting in late September withmanure application in early November)-on rye biomass, nutrient recovery, and forage yield and the effect of ManM and priority on DC forage nutritive value in a rye-corn (Zea mays L.) cropping sequence. This experiment was intended to be a repeated 2-yr study, but due to MP treatment rye crop failure in the second year, the resulting 1-yr dataset was analyzed to assess priority effects. Prioritizing rye planting in the fall with DC increased total forage production and apparent N recovery (ANR) when manure was broadcast. These results highlight the value of prioritizing fall rye planting in DC systems to increase rye spring biomass and nutrient recovery when manure is broadcast. More experiments should be conducted on fall field operation timing to develop reliable recommendations.
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