Summary Thermal requirements for the germination of Amaranthus quitensis, a common annual weed in Argentina, were studied. In addition, temporal changes in dormancy from seeds produced at different times during the growing season were examined. For this second objective, thermal and light requirements for germination were tested in seeds buried at different depths, with or without crop residues. Base and optimum temperatures for germination rates were 12.8°C and 37°C respectively. At dispersal time, maximum percentage germination was 60–70% and this was generally recorded at 35°C/25°C in a 14‐h photoperiod. Seed germination tended to increase in later seed collection dates. Seeds of A. quitensis showed seasonal changes in germinability in the soil. In winter, germination of retrieved seeds increased to over 90% until summer, after which there was a decrease until the following winter when germination was close to 40%. There were no differences in germinability between burial depths and crop residue levels. Germination requirements for alternating temperatures and light tended to disappear after burial. Initial viability was 99% and declined slightly during burial. Soil temperature seems to play a crucial role not only by regulating seasonal changes in dormancy, but also by defining the percentage and the germination rate in non‐dormant seeds.
Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung In this paper we analyse competition between soybean and Sorghum halepense through evaluation of canopy attributes. Field experiments were conducted during three years. An additive design was used, combining different densities of S. halepense tillers with a single density of soybean. Monocultures of both species were also established. There was a significant linear relationship between the relative leaf area of the weed (Rw) and its relative contribution to the total biomass of the mixture, measured early in the crop growth cycle. Crop and weed canopies in monocultures developed simultaneously. The crop and the weed started to compete at a thermal time 230–350°C.days after sowing, coincident with the onset of active net growth of S. halepense biomass. The relationship between crop yield and Rw was always linear and the slope varied according to crop sowing date. The results suggest that the evaluation of Rw may be a simple and non‐destructive way of predicting soybean yield losses. Utilization de caractéristiques des couverts végétaux pour évaluer la concurrence entre Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. et la soja Cet article analyse la concurrence entre le soja et Sorghum halepenseà partir de caractéristiques des couverts végétaux, mesurées lors d'expériences au champ conduites pendant trois ans. Nous avons utilisé un modèle additif qui combinait différentes densités de talles de S. halepense avec une densité unique de soja. Des monocultures de chaque espèce étaient aussi établies. Il existait une relation linéaire significative entre l'aire relative des feuilles de la mauvaise herbe (Rw) et sa contribution relative à la biomasse totale du mélange, mesurée précocement lors du cycle de croissance de la culture. Les couverts de la culture et des mauvaises herbes en monocultures se développaient simultanément. La culture et la mauvaise herbe entraient en concurrence 230–350°C.jours après le semis, alors que la biomasse de S. halepense commençait à croître de manière importante. La relation entre le rendement de la culture et Rwétait toujours linéaire et la pente variait en fonction de la date de semis de la culture. Ces résultats suggèrent que la mesure de Rw peut constituer une méthode simple et non‐destructive pour prédire les pertes de rendement du soja. Untersuchung der Konkurrenz zwischen Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. und Sojabohne anhand von Beschattungsmerkmalen Zur Untersuchung der Konkurrenz zwischen Sorghum halepense und Sojabohne anhand von Beschattungsmerkmalen wurden über drei Vegetationsperioden Feldversuche durchgeführt. Neben Reinbeständen der beiden Arten wurde eine additive Versuchsanordnung mit verschiedenen Dichten von S. halepense gewählt, die Dichte der Sojabohne wurde nicht variiert. Im frühen Entwicklungsstadium der Kulturpflanze gab es eine signifikante lineare Beziehung zwischen der relativen Blattoberfläche des Unkrauts (Rw) und seines relativen Anteils an der Gesamtbiomasse. Bei der Kulturpflanze und dem Unkraut ergab sich in den Reinbeständen eine jeweils gle...
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