In the next few years, the refinement of personalized therapy for the use of NAD precursors and improved detection methodologies allowing the administration of specific NAD precursors in the context of patients' NAD levels will lead to a better understanding of the therapeutic role of NAD precursors in human diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.

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Discrimination between nano (≥20 nm) and ionic Ag in earthworms exposed to Ag-NPs, Ag2S-NPs and AgNO3 reveals that accumulated silver is mainly present as ions.

The impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNP; at 0 mg Ag/kg, 1.5 mg Ag/kg, 15.4 mg Ag/kg, and 154 mg Ag/kg soil) and silver nitrate (AgNO3 ; 15.4 mg Ag/kg soil) on earthworms, Lumbricus rubellus, was assessed. A 4-wk exposure to the highest AgNP treatment reduced growth and reproduction compared with the control. Silver nitrate (AgNO3 ) exposure also impaired reproduction, but not as much as the highest AgNP treatment. Long-term exposure to the highest AgNP treatment caused complete juvenile mortality. All AgNP treatments induced tissue pathology. Population modeling demonstrated reduced population growth rates for the AgNP and AgNO3 treatments, and no population growth at the highest AgNP treatment because of juvenile mortality. Analysis of AgNP treated soil samples revealed that single AgNP and AgNP clusters were present in the soil, and that the total Ag in soil porewater remained high throughout the long-term experiment. In addition, immune cells (coelomocytes) of earthworms showed sensitivity to both AgNP and AgNO3 in vitro. Overall, the present study indicates that AgNP exposure may affect earthworm populations and that the exposure may be prolonged because of the release of a dissolved Ag fraction to soil porewater.

In the present study the developmental neurotoxic effects of the PCB metabolite 4-OH-2,3,3 0 ,4 0 ,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (4-OH-CB107) were compared with effects caused by a mixture of parent polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (Aroclor 1254). Pregnant female Wistar rats were exposed to 0.5 or 5 mg 4-OH-CB107, or 25 mg Aroclor 1254 per kg body weight from gestation days 10 to 16. Plasma thyroid hormone levels were significantly decreased in the offspring of all treatment groups at postnatal day 4 (PND 4). Behavioral experiments using an open field paradigm revealed an impaired habituation in male offspring of all treatment groups at PND 130. Passive avoidance experiments indicated significant influences on the time course of step-down latencies across trials in exposed male rats. Catalepsy induced by haloperidol showed increases in latencies to movement onset in female offspring exposed to 0.5 mg 4-OH-CB107 compared to Aroclor 1254 treated offspring at PND 168-175. Male offspring exposed to 4-OH-CB107 or Aroclor 1254 showed decreases in latencies compared to control animals. Brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) measured at PND 300-310 showed significant increases in auditory thresholds in the low frequency range between Aroclor 1254 and 4-OH-CB107 (5 mg/kg bw) treated animals. Measurements of neurotransmitter levels revealed effects of Aroclor 154 exposure on both the dopaminergic and the serotonergic systems, whereas 4-OH-CB107 exposure affected dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, with slight but not significant effects on the serotonergic system. These results indicate that 4-OH-CB107 is able to induce long-term effects on behavior and neurodevelopment. The observed effects for 4-OH-CB107 are similar to, but in some aspects different from, the effects observed after Aroclor 1254 exposure.