Background-Bile acid toxicity has been shown in the gastric, colonic, and hepatic tissues; the eVect on oesophageal mucosa is less well known. Aims-To determine the spectrum of bile acids refluxing in patients with gastrooesophageal reflux disease and its relation to oesophageal pH using a new technique of combined oesophageal aspiration and pH monitoring. Methods-Ten asymptomatic subjects and 30 patients with symptoms of gastrooesophageal reflux disease (minimal mucosal injury, erosive oesophagitis (grade 2 or 3 Savary-Miller), Barrett's oesophagus/stricture; n=10 in each group) underwent 15 hour continuous oesophageal aspiration with simultaneous pH monitoring. Bile acid assay of the oesophageal samples was performed using modified high performance liquid chromatography. Results-The peak bile acid concentration and DeMeester acid scores were significantly higher in the patients with oesophagitis (median bile acid concentration 124 µmol/l; acid score 20.2) and Barrett's oesophagus/stricture (181 µmol/l; 43.3) than patients with minimal injury (14 µmol/l; 12.5) or controls (0 µmol/l; 11.1). The predominant bile acids detected were cholic, taurocholic, and glycocholic acids but there was a significantly greater proportion of secondary bile acids, deoxycholic and taurodeoxycholic acids, in patients with erosive oesophagitis and Barrett's oesophagus/stricture. Although bile acid reflux episodes occurred at variable pH, a temporal relation existed between reflux of taurine conjugates and oesophageal acid exposure (r=0.58, p=0.009). Conclusion-Toxic secondary bile acid fractions have been detected in patients with extensive mucosal damage. Mixed reflux is more harmful than acid reflux alone with possible toxic synergism existing between the taurine conjugates and acid. (Gut 1999;44:598-602)

Body mass index, diabetes and emergency surgery were the significant risk factors identified in our study. Overall complications compare favourably with other series. We found that preoperative siting by stoma nurses and the grade of operating surgeon did not affect the outcome.

Multivisceral resection provides the best possibility of long-term survival in locally advanced primary colorectal cancer in which a clear margin has been achieved.

An aggressive surgical strategy with complete resection is predictive of long-term survival in selected patients with T4a rectal carcinoma. With optimal treatment local recurrence is a sign of systemic disease.