This experiment shows that at least in some quasi-naturalistic risky decision situations decision makers engage actively in risk defusing (e.g., by searching for control, worst-case plans or new alternatives) instead of ''passively'' evaluating values and probabilities. Forty non-students made decisions in two quasi-naturalistic non-lottery tasks. Most participants revealed behaviour indicating risk defusing. Risk-defusing operators were used much more often in connection with the chosen alternative than with the not-chosen one. The method of information presentation was varied systematically: Unstructured and structured versions of the method of active information search (the participant gets a basic description of the task, and has to ask questions from the experimenter to get additional information) were compared. In the structured version, decision makers deal increasingly with the uncertain aspects of the alternatives and with control and worstcase plans.The lottery paradigm has dominated research on decision behaviour under risk and uncertainty since the early days of decision theory. Most experiments have used and are still using simple lotteries (gambles or bets). An impressive number of empirical results have been gathered, and theories rooted in the lottery paradigm have made powerful contributions to research and dominate the eld (see, for example, Lopes, 1995).Everyday decision tasks diVer in a variety of aspects from lotteries, forRequests for reprints should be addressed to O. Huber,

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An analyis of an Fl-based incomplete diallel was conducted involving 11 parents with different levels of resistance to Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica (Mitra)). It demonstrated that general combining ability (GCA) and thus additive or additive × additive gene effects were very important in the inheritance of resistance, accounting for 86.9% of the variation. Further analysis concentrated on F3 lines derived from individual random F2 plants from crosses with resistant varieties having the highest negative GCA effects. It was shown that the varieties Weaver and W499 have single dominant genes of resistance, which are different from each other, and which differ from a single allelic gene in varieties K342 and Cruz Alta. The majority of the crosses did not demonstrate a relationship between Karnal bunt infection and the number of days to heading. Resistant F3 lines varied in the number of days to heading from 80 to 100.

Background Prone positioning is currently applied in time-limited daily sessions up to 24 h which determines that most patients require several sessions. Although longer prone sessions have been reported, there is scarce evidence about the feasibility and safety of such approach. We analyzed feasibility and safety of a continuous prolonged prone positioning strategy implemented nationwide, in a large cohort of COVID-19 patients in Chile. Methods Retrospective cohort study of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients with moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), conducted in 15 Intensive Care Units, which adhered to a national protocol of continuous prone sessions  ≥ 48 h and until PaO2:FiO2 increased above 200 mm Hg. The number and extension of prone sessions were registered, along with relevant physiologic data and adverse events related to prone positioning. The cohort was stratified according to the first prone session duration: Group A, 2–3 days; Group B, 4–5 days; and Group C, > 5 days. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to assess whether the duration of prone sessions could impact safety. Results We included 417 patients who required a first prone session of 4 (3–5) days, of whom 318 (76.3%) received only one session. During the first prone session the main adverse event was grade 1–2 pressure sores in 97 (23.9%) patients; severe adverse events were infrequent with 17 non-scheduled extubations (4.2%). 90-day mortality was 36.2%. Ninety-eight patients (24%) were classified as group C; they exhibited a more severe ARDS at baseline, as reflected by lower PaO2:FiO2 ratio and higher ventilatory ratio, and had a higher rate of pressure sores (44%) and higher 90-day mortality (48%). However, after adjustment for severity and several relevant confounders, prone session duration was not associated with mortality or pressure sores. Conclusions Nationwide implementation of a continuous prolonged prone positioning strategy for COVID-19 ARDS patients was feasible. Minor pressure sores were frequent but within the ranges previously described, while severe adverse events were infrequent. The duration of prone session did not have an adverse effect on safety.

Fourteen Mexican genotypes of bread wheat {Triticum aestivum L.) with good to moderate levels of resistance to Karnal bunt {Tilletia indica (Mitra)) were crossed with the highly susceptible cultivar WL711 to determine the genetic basis of resistance. The parents, F,, Fj and backcross populations of the 14 crosses were evaluated under artificial epiphytotic conditions during the 1993-94 season for Karnal bunt resistance. The Fi data suggested that the resistance was dominant to partially dominant over susceptibility. The x^ analysis of the segregation ratios in the F2 and backcross generations indicated that the resistance in the wheat genotypes Luan, Attila, Vee # 7/Bow, Star, Weaver, Milan, Sasia and Turacio/Chil is controlled by two genes. The resistance in genotypes Cettia, Irena, Turaco, Opata, Picus, and Yaco was found to be conditioned by a single dominant gene. The genotypes with two genes for resistance expressed a higher level of resistance than those with a single gene and, therefore, are better sources of resistance to Karnal bunt.