EUA Resumo Melhorar a formação profissional e acadêmica dos indivíduos nos

Este trabalho apresenta resultados de uma revisão da literatura acerca da implementação da metodologia interativa de ensino Peer Instruction (PI). Respondemos às seguintes questões de pesquisa: Em quais contextos de ensino (nível de ensino, país, área de ensino e disciplinas) pesquisadores têm investigado o PI? Que impactos o PI tem produzido na aprendizagem dos estudantes? Quais são os resultados instrucionais da implementação do PI em termos das atitudes dos professores em relação à metodologia e das modificações feitas na estrutura original da metodologia? Quais são os principais aspectos teóricos e metodológicos que pesquisadores utilizam para investigar implementações do PI? Os resultados da literatura apontam que grande parte das publicações foram conduzidas em universidades norte americanas, em disciplinas da área STEM, com destaque à disciplina de Física. A adoção do PI apresenta impactos positivos na aprendizagem conceitual dos estudantes, na habilidade de resolução de problemas e no desempenho acadêmico. Desenvolve sentimentos positivos relacionados à aprendizagem dos conteúdos e à metodologia. Professores realizam modificações ao implementar o PI integrando-o com outras metodologias, demonstrando sua flexibilidade. A maioria dos estudos é apoiada por análises empíricas e estatísticas, mas não por estruturas conceituais ou referenciais teóricos. Esta lacuna apresenta oportunidades para contribuições futuras.

Self-efficacy represents an individual's belief that he or she can perform a particular task in a given domain. It is a strong predictor for performance and persistence in STEM education. Research shows that there is a large and persistent gender gap in student self-efficacy in STEM academic disciplines. In some cases, active teaching strategies have been shown to positively affect physics self-efficacy but it is unclear how this impact differs between men and women. In this study, we investigate the impact of a physics class taught with active teaching strategies on students' self-reported physics self-efficacy and how this impact varies across gender lines. We measured the change in physics self-efficacy over four different dimensions; conceptual understanding, problem-solving, lab and hands-on activities, and collaborative work. We report three main findings. First, the initial physics self-efficacy gender gap disappeared by the end of the semester. Second, female students' self-efficacy improved significantly, whereas there was no significant change in the selfefficacy of the male students. Third, the gender gaps in the conceptual understanding and problem-solving dimensions in particular, were significantly reduced. This study represents an initial step towards understanding the influence of active teaching strategies can have on reducing the self-efficacy gender gap.

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Although confusion is generally perceived to be negative, educators dating as far back as Socrates, who asked students to question assumptions and wrestle with ideas, have challenged this notion. Can confusion be productive? How should instructors interpret student expressions of confusion? During two semesters of introductory physics that involved Just-in-Time Teaching (JiTT) and research-based reading materials, we evaluated performance on reading assignments while simultaneously measuring students' self-assessment of their confusion over the preclass reading material (N ¼ 137; N fall ¼ 106, N spring ¼ 88). We examined the relationship between confusion and correctness, confidence in reasoning, and (in the spring) precourse self-efficacy. We find that student expressions of confusion before coming to class are negatively related to correctness on preclass content-related questions, confidence in reasoning on those questions, and selfefficacy, but weakly positively related to final grade when controlling for these factors (β ¼ 0.23, p ¼ 0.03).