Dendritic cells (DC) are a diverse group of leukocytes responsible for bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Despite their functional versatility, DCs exist primarily in two basic functional states: immature and mature. A large body of evidence suggests that upon interactions with pathogens, DCs undergo intricate cellular processes that culminate in their activation, which is paramount to the orchestration of effective immune responses against
Leishmani
a parasites. Herein we offer a concise review of the emerging hallmarks of DCs activation in leishmaniasis as well as a comprehensive discussion of the following underlying molecular events: DC-
Leishmania
interaction, antigen uptake, costimulatory molecule expression, parasite ability to affect DC migration, antigen presentation, metabolic reprogramming, and epigenetic alterations.
Ureaplasma diversum is an opportunistic pathogen associated with uterine infl ammation, impaired embryo implantation, infertility, abortions, premature birth of calves and neonatal pneumonia in cattle. It has been suggested that the intra-uterine infection by Ureaplasma diversum can cause vascular changes that hinder the success of pregnancy. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of intrauterine site of A/J mice in estrus or proestrus phase inoculated with Ureaplasma diversum. The infection was monitored at 24, 48 and 72 hours by the PCR methodology to detect the Ureaplasma in the inoculation site and the profi le of circulating blood cells. Morphological changes, intensity of infl ammation and the production of cytokines were compared. The infected mice showed local infl ammation through the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Ureaplasma diversum infections in the reproductive tract of studied mice seemed to be associated with the production of pro-infl ammatory cytokines in uterine parenchyma. The levels of TNF-α of infected mice were dependent on the bacterial load of inoculated Ureaplasma. Uterine experimental infections by Ureaplasma diversum have not been mentioned yet and herein we presented the fi rst report of an intrauterine infection model in mice.
Atualmente, o patógeno Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (MRSA) vem se tornado objeto de vários estudos, devido às altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a reposta imune associada ao controle desta infecção. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito da imunização intradérmica com MRSA e a resposta inflamatória no sitio de infecção. Para a realização dos experimentos foram utilizados camundongos A/J que foram imunizados com cepa de MRSA. Após o desafio, foram coletadas amostras do sangue, soro, linfonodo drenante e orelha para análises histopatológicas. A partir do esfregaço sanguíneo, foi observada neutrofilia nos grupos desafiados com MRSA. A análise histopatológica mostrou infiltrado inflamatório em todos os grupos estudados. Foi observado também que, a imunização intradérmica promove hiperplasia no linfonodo drenante, entretanto, não foram observadas diferenças nos perfis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias nos grupos estudados. Conclui-se que há uma predominância de neutrófilos no sítio de estudo e que a hiperplasia observada no linfonodo pode ser correlacionada com o aumento no número de linfócitos Th17, que poderiam contribuir para a diminuição da carga bacteriana neste órgão.
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