a b s t r a c tThe aim of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices in food safety and the presence of coagulase-positive staphylococci species on the hands of food handlers in the municipal schools of Camaçari, Bahia in northeast Brazil. This study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, 166 food handlers were interviewed via a questionnaire to assess their food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices. In the second phase, the presence of coagulase-positive staphylococci species on the hands of food handlers was determined. The results indicated that most of the handlers had been trained (92.2%), but the level of knowledge was insufficient; the average proficiency score was <70% accuracy. Attitude received the highest scores, and no handler had a score below 50.0%. Logistic regression analysis showed that the level of education and specific subject expertise of the handlers were associated with general knowledge about food safety. Food handler overall had positive attitudes on food safety with all scores above 50.0%. Despite a high prevalence of training and positive attitudes about food safety, 53.3% of the hand samples showed the presence of coagulase-positive staphylococci. No associations were found between the knowledge attitudes and practices of food handlers and the presence of the pathogen on their hands. The results showed inadequate sanitary practices of food handlers, highlighting the need to review the current model for training food handlers and to improve accessibility to sinks and supplies to ensure proper hygiene.
The characteristics of the quality of crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm olein (CPOL) produced in the states of Bahia and Pará were investigated. Twelve oil samples were analyzed; 2 (CPO) were from Pará (produced industrially), while the other 10 were from Bahia (3 CPOs and 3 CPOLs produced industrially, while 1 CPOL and 3 CPOs were traditionally processed). The chemical analyses included the determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), free fatty acids (FFA%), peroxide value (PV), induction time (IT), total carotenoids (TC) and total polar compounds (TPC). The major saturated fatty acids in these samples were palmitic (34.79-42.89 g 100 g–1) and stearic (4.49-5.84 g 100 g–1) acid, and the main unsaturated fatty acids were oleic (37.31-43.69 g 100 g–1) and linoleic (9.04- 12.74 g100 g–1) acid. All samples produced in Bahia exhibited higher FFA (6.77-13.49%) and TPC (13.71-19.50%) levels than permitted in the international quality standards, unlike the samples produced in Pará. TC, PV and IT ranged from 422.1 to 584.2 mg g–1, 1.32 to 3.7 meq O2 kg–1 oil and 1.72 to 4.66 h, respectively. PV, FFA and TPC were inversely correlated with TC and IT. The use of inappropriate oil extraction processes in Bahia is clearly becoming a food safety problem.
Las características de calidad del aceite de palma crudo (CPO) y oleína de palma cruda (CPOL) producidos en los estados de Bahía y Pará fueron investigados. Se analizaron doce muestras de aceites; 2 (CPO) eran de Pará (producido industrialmente), mientras que las otras 10 procedían de Bahía (3 CPOs y 3 CPOLs producidos industrialmente, mientras que 1 CPOL y 3 CPOs fueron procesadas tradicionalmente). El análisis químico incluyó la determinación de ésteres metílicos de ácidos grasos (FAME), ácidos grasos libres (FFA%), índice de peróxido (PV), el tiempo de inducción (TI), los carotenoides totales (TC) y el total de compuestos polares (TPC). Los principales ácidos grasos saturados en estas muestras fueron palmítico (34,79 a 42,89 g 100 g–1) y esteárico (4.49 a 5.84 g 100 g–1), y los principales ácidos grasos insaturados fueron oleico (37.31-43.69 g 100 g–1) y linoleico (9,04-12,74 g 100 g–1). Todas las muestras producidas en Bahía muestran valores de FFA (6,77-13,49%) y TPC (13,71 a 19,50%), por encima de los niveles de los estándares internacionales de calidad, a diferencia de las muestras producidas en Pará. TC, PV y TPC oscilaron entre 422,1 a 584,2 mg g–1, 1,32 a 3,7 meq O2 kg–1 y 1,72 a 4,66 h, respectivamente. PV, FFA y TPC se correlacionan inversamente con TC y IT. El uso de procesos inadecuados de extracción de aceites en Bahía se está convirtiendo claramente en un problema de seguridad alimentaria
Oils are very important substances in human nutrition. However, they are sensitive to oxygen, heat, moisture, and light. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the modification technology of oils. Methods that modify oil characteristics and make oils suitable applications have been increasingly studied. Nanotechnology has become one of the most promising studied technologies that could revolutionize conventional food science and the food industry. Oil nanoencapsulation could be a promising alternative to increase the stability and improve the bioavailability of nanoencapsulated compounds. The occurrence of oil nanoencapsulation has been rapidly increasing, especially in the food industry. Conventional nanoencapsulation technologies applied in different oils exert a direct impact on oil nanoparticle synthesis, influencing parameters such as zeta potential, size, and the polydispersity index; these characteristics might limit the use of oils in different industries. This review summarizes oil nanoencapsulation in the food industry and highlights the technologies, advantages, and limitations of different techniques for obtaining stable oil nanocapsules; it also illustrates key opportunities for and the benefits of technological innovations and analyzes the protection of this technology through patent applications. In the last 20 years, oil nanoencapsulation has grown considerably in the food industry. Although nanoencapsulated oil products are not currently found in the food industry, there are numerous articles in the food science area reporting that oil nanoencapsulation will be a market trend. Nevertheless, different areas can apply nanoencapsulated oils, as demonstrated via patent applications.
This study aimed to obtain encapsulated lycopene in a powder form, using either spray-drying or molecular inclusion with beta -cyclodextrin ( beta -CD) followed by freeze-drying. The encapsulation efficiency using spray-drying ranged from 94 to 96%, with an average yield of 51%, with microcapsules showing superficial indentations and lack of cracks and breakages. Lycopene- beta -CD complexes were only formed at a molar ratio of 1:4, and irregular structures of different sizes that eventually formed aggregates, similar to those of beta -CD, were observed after freeze-drying. About 50% of the initial lycopene did not form complexes with beta -CD. Lycopene purity increased from 96.4 to 98.1% after spray-drying, whereas lycopene purity decreased from 97.7 to 91.3% after complex formation and freeze-drying. Both the drying processes yielded pale-pink, dry, free-flowing powders.
Técnicas de encapsulamento, como "spray-drying" e formação de complexos por inclusão com ciclodextrinas, vêm sendo avaliadas para viabilizar a adição de carotenóides em sistemas hidrofílicos e aumentar a sua estabilidade durante o processamento e estocagem. Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi obter licopeno encapsulado na forma de pó, utilizando processos de "spray-drying" ou de inclusão molecular com beta -ciclodextrina (CD) seguido de liofilização. A eficiência do encapsulamento utilizando "spray-drying" variou de 94 a 96% e o rendimento médio foi de 51%, com as microcápsulas apresentando indentações superficiais, porém sem falhas ou aberturas na superfície. A formação de complexo licopeno- beta -CD ocorreu apenas quando utilizada razão molar de 1:4, e estruturas irregulares de diferentes tamanhos que eventualmente formaram agregados, similares às da beta -CD, foram observadas após liofilização. O licopeno não complexado neste processo ficou em torno de 50%. A pureza do licopeno (% área do all-trans-licopeno) aumentou de 96,4 para 98,1% após o encapsulamento, enquanto que a pureza do licopeno diminuiu de 97,7 para 91,3% após complexação e liofilização. Os dois processos de secagem resultaram em pós rosa claro, secos e com bom fluxo
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