Petrie JL, Patman GL, Sinha I, Alexander TD, Reeves HL, Agius L. The rate of production of uric acid by hepatocytes is a sensitive index of compromised cell ATP homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 305: E1255-E1265, 2013. First published September 17, 2013; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00214.2013.-Plasma levels of uric acid, the final product of purine degradation in humans, are elevated in metabolic syndrome and are strongly associated with insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Hepatic and blood levels of purine metabolites (inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine) are also altered in pathophysiological states. We optimized a rat hepatocyte model to test the hypothesis that the production of uric acid by hepatocytes is a potential marker of compromised homeostasis of hepatocellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) and/or ATP. The basal rate of uric acid production from endogenous substrates in rat hepatocytes was comparable to that in human liver and was Ͻ10% of the maximum rate with saturating concentrations of purine substrates. It was marginally (ϳ20%) decreased by insulin and increased by glucagon but was stimulated more than twofold by substrates (fructose and glycerol) that lower both cell ATP and Pi, and by inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration (complexes I, III, and V) that lower ATP but raise cell Pi. Clearance of inosine and its degradation to uric acid were also inhibited by cell Pi depletion. Analysis of gene expression in NAFLD biopsies showed an association between mRNA expression of GCKR, the glucokinase regulatory protein that is functionally linked to uric acid production, and mRNA expression of the phosphate transporters encoded by SLC17A1/3. Uric acid production by hepatocytes is a very sensitive index of ATP depletion irrespective of whether cell Pi is lowered or raised. This suggests that raised plasma uric acid may be a marker of compromised hepatic ATP homeostasis. nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; hyperuricemia; fructose; mitochondrial function PLASMA LEVELS OF URIC ACID, the final product of purine degradation in humans (Fig. 1), are strongly associated with insulin resistance (39) and with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (2,20,28). Plasma uric acid reflects the balance between endogenous production by the liver and excretion by the kidney and gut (29). Genome meta-analyses identified common variants in the GCKR gene, which encodes the inhibitor protein of liver glucokinase (GCK) in association with raised serum uric acid levels (18,19,44), and functional studies confirmed a link between GCKR expression in hepatocytes and uric acid production (UAP) (3, 5). However, the minor GCKR variant that associates with raised uric acid levels and hepatic steatosis is associated with decreased rather than increased insulin resistance (26, 31). This indicates that other factors must contribute to the association of hyperuricemia and insulin resistance (39).Lifestyle factors linked to hyperuricemia include obesity and consumption of fructose or ethanol (1, 39, 43). Of these, fr...