Study design:Test-retest reliability analysis segmented by body parts.Objectives:To examine the reliability of infrared thermography (IRT) in wheelchair users (WCUs), as a noninvasive and risk-free technique to detect the natural thermal radiation emitted by human skin and to allow subsequent interpretations of temperature distributions.Setting:Research Center on Physical Disability of Valladolid, ASPAYM Castilla y León Foundation, Spain.Methods:Twenty-four manual WCUs (22 men, 2 women) participated in this study. Skin temperature (Tsk) of 16 and 20 areas of the front and rear upper body, respectively, were measured using an infrared camera. Two thermographic images were recorded in each session during two days separated by 24 h. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, intraclass correlation coefficients, coefficients of variation and side-to-side skin temperature differences (δTsk).Results:The intraclass correlation coefficient produced values ranging from 15 to 95 for the various regions of interest. The coefficient of variation ranged between 1.05-6.18%. The mean Tsk of the front upper body was 31.92 °C, and that of the rear upper body was 31.77 °C. The total δTsk was 0.09±0.44°C, r=0.583.Conclusion:The reliability of IRT varies depending on the analyzed areas. IRT is a noninvasive and noncontact technique that allows measuring the temperature of the skin, with which to advance in WCU research.Spinal Cord advance online publication, 25 November 2014; doi:10.1038/sc.2014.212.
h i g h l i g h t sT sk response of wheelchair athletes before and after a propulsion test is presented. The relation between SP and T sk before and after the propulsion test is obtained. Subjects showed lower resting T sk and slower heat dissipation than able-bodied. There were significant negative correlations between the T sk and SP. There were no correlations between the kinematic variables and the shoulder pain. a b s t r a c t Introduction: Wheelchair Users (WCUs) depend on their upper extremities for their daily living. Therefore, it is not unusual to find that shoulder pain (SP) is a problem for WCUs and reduces their participation in sport and leisure activities. Objectives: The aims of this study were 1 -to analyse skin temperature measured by infrared thermography (IRT) before (pre-test), one minute after (post-test) and 10 min after (post-10) the kinematic wheelchair propulsion test (T-CIDIF) of athletic wheelchair users; 2 -to evaluate the relationship between shoulder pain (SP) and Skin Temperature Asymmetry (DT sk ) before and after (pre-test, posttest, post-10) the T-CIDIF, and to relate the SP with the kinematic variables of the T-CIDIF. Participants & interventions/procedure: A volunteer sample of 12 wheelchair athletes completed an exercise test (T-CIDIF) in their own wheelchair. It consisted in a 30-s maximum test performed on two rollers. Two linear transducers connected to the rollers registered the number of propulsions, maximum and mean velocity and power of each arm. SP was assessed with the Wheelchair Users Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI). Skin temperature (T sk ) of the anterior and posterior upper body was measured before and after the T-CIDIF by using an infrared camera. A total of 26 ROIs were evaluated with respect to the opposite side of the body to identify significant (DT sk ). Results/main outcome measure(s): Significant differences were observed between the T sk of the post-10 and pre-test in 12 ROIs, and between the post-10 and the post-test in most of the ROIs. These differences are attenuated when the DT sk is compared before and after exercise. T sk tends to initially decrease immediately after the test and then significantly increase after 10 min of completing the T-CIDIF. The DT sk vs SP analysis yielded significant inverse relationships (from r = À0.58 to r = À0.71, p < 0.05) in 5 of the 26 ROI. No significant correlations between propulsion variables and SP questionnaire were found. All T-CIDIF variables were significantly correlated with the temperature asymmetries in multiple ROIs (from r = À0.86 to r = À0.58, from p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Conclusions: These results present indications that high performance wheelchair athletes exhibit similar capacity of heat production than able-bodied. The thermographic data inversely correlates with the SP and the kinematic variables, but the last is not related to SP. This work contributes to improve the understanding about temperature changes in wheelchair athletes during exercise, and could be used to assess the efficacy of various ...
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