To characterize the time course of plasma and red blood cell (RBC) changes after n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation, 20 healthy male volunteers were randomly assigned to receive either four 1-g capsules of n-3 PUFA ethyl esters or four 1-g capsules of olive oil (as placebo) for a period of 4 mo, followed by a 3-mo washout period. Fatty acids of plasma and RBC phospholipid fractions were analyzed at 0, 2, and 4 mo of treatment and at 1, 2, and 3 mo of washout. During n-3 PUFA supplementation, accumulations of eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids were marked after 2 mo with differences among different fractions of plasma and RBCs in further accumulation up to 4 mo. During the first and second months of the washout, slight differences were observed in changes of various fatty acids among different phospholipid fractions, but after 3 mo of washout, only minor alterations were still detectable with respect to pretreatment values. These data confirm the complex relations among different fatty acid pools after n-3 PUFA supplementation.
A number of hemostatic changes involving platelets, coagulation and fibrinolysis have been reported after acute physical exercise. Results have sometimes been controversial, due to differences in subjects investigated, type of exercise and methods used for hemostatic evaluation. On the whole, physical exercise has been shown to induce: (1) increases in platelet number and activity, (2) activation of coagulation leading to a slight but significant thrombin generation and (3) activation of fibrinolysis. These changes are short lasting. Less known are hemostatic changes induced by exercise training programs: a few data are available on the effects on platelets and coagulation, whereas studies performed on fibrinolysis show a decrease in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels at rest and an increase in fibrinolytic capacity after training.
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