Objective: To evaluate the ASD risk in infants with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-Revised with Follow Up (M-CHAT-R/F). Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Infants with IVH admitted to the Baylor Scott & White Health NICU from January 2014 through June 2020. M-CHAT-R/F questionnaire results for ASD risk assessment was used, in addition to the cranial ultrasound findings at NICU discharge.Results: M-CHAT-R/F screening results were found in 165 infants, 80 children had IVH and 85 children had no IVH, 35 infants failed (ASD Risk) and 130 infants passed the M-CHAT-R/F (No-ASD risk). Median birth weight and gestational age were significantly lower in ASD risk group. ASD risk and cerebral palsy were significantly associated with severe IVH. Based on discharge cranial ultrasound findings, ASD risk of infants with resolved IVH was comparable to No-IVH group. Conclusions: The ASD risk increases with lower gestational age, lower birth weight and severe IVH.
Sooty blotch (SB) and flyspeck (FS) is a disease complex which causes the blemishes on skin surface of apple (Malus domestica Borkh) and damages the cosmetic look of fruit in humid temperate areas of the world. Not only it affects the postharvest quality of apple fruits but also reduces the storage life due to increased transpiration. During this study, five different organic fungicides (Ridomil gold, Thiophanate-methyl, Metalaxyl + Mancozeb, Dithane M-45 and Benomyl) at the rate of 5g/l were sprayed on mature and healthy apple trees to control this disease. Fungicides were applied with spray schedule of 15 days interval. Eight sprays were applied from the month of June to September. Results obtained revealed that the application of organic fungicides significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced the disease incidence of SB and FS as compared to control. Maximum disease control (92.50%) and minimum (7.50%) fruit blotches were recorded with a combined application of Metalaxyl + Mancozeb. Similarly, maximum fruit weight (140.57 g), and total yield per tree (28.30 kg) were obtained in plants treated with Metalaxyl + Mancozeb. However, maximum fruit set per tree (299.75) was recorded in plants sprayed with Dithane M-45 as compared to control (160.25). Maximum total soluble solids and total sugars (12.90%, 15.50%) were recorded in fruits which were sprayed with Benomyl and Dithane M-45, while minimum total soluble solids and total sugars (10.90%, 10.87%) were recorded in control fruits. Minimum ascorbic acid and titratable acidity (15.10 mg/100 mL, 3.65%) were recorded in fruits which were treated with Benomyl, respectively. Overall, a combined treatment of Metalaxyl + Mancozeb not only gave the best control against SB and FS but also increased the total fruit yield and improved the fruit colour as compared to other treatments. Therefore, it could be further exploited on a commercial scale against SB and FS in future.
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